Transcript Phrases and Clauses

Types of
Phrases
A phrase is:
• A group of related words that is used
as a single part of speech.
• A phrase is a group of words that
does not have both a subject and a
predicate, so it is never a complete
sentence.
types of phrases
• Prepositional phrases
• Appositive phrases (essential
and non-essential)
• Participle
• Gerund
Prepositional Phrases
• Contain a preposition (those small words of
location—in, on, under, over, beside, etc.)
• Have a preposition and a noun, and
sometimes a word in between.
On the road
Over the river
To the gym
Beside the ducks
from Grandma
in my backpack
How to remember
prepositional phrases:
Think about anywhere a cat can go.
Over the chair
Under my car tire
Around the circle
Of my friend
(Oops! Not foolproof)
Through the yard
Non-essential appositive
phrases
• It means that the adjective clause is
NOT needed in order to IDENTIFY
the referent (what we are talking
about). It is simply additional
information.
• Does not identify “which one”
Non-essential
Appositive Phrases
In each of the examples, the
underlined part is the appositive.
• “Larry, the plumber, fixed the sink.
• An excellent dancer, Rebecca took
years of lessons.
• Miss Piggy, Kermit’s girlfriend, won
first prize, a pot-bellied pig.
Essential Appositive
Phrase
• An essential clause specifies “which
noun” The essential clause tells the
reader which one of many the writer
means.
In each of the examples, the
underlined part is the appositive.
• The man who ordered another double anchovy pizza claims
to have a pet dolphin in his backyard pool.
- Which man among the billions of human males on the planet?
The one who ordered the double anchovy pizza!
• Freddie hopes to return to the city where he met a woman
with haunting green eyes.
- Which of the many cities on the planet? The one where
Freddie met a memorable woman!
• Swiss scientist Jacques Piccard is an oceanographic
engineer.
- Tells specifically which Scientist
Participial phrases
Phrases used to describe that start with a
word ending in “ing” or “ed”.
The people standing in line grew irritated.
Which people? The ones standing in line.
Determined to make the team, Jo shot baskets
every night.
For what reason did Jo shoot? Because she’s
determined to make the team.
present participle phrase
Present participle phrases will start with a word ending in -ing
Ex: The horse trotting up to the fence hopes that you have an apple or
carrot.
Trotting up to the fence modifies the noun horse.
Past participle phrase
Past participles end in -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, or -ne as in
the words asked, eaten, saved, dealt, seen, and gone.
(usually ed)
Examples:
The church, destroyed by a fire, was never rebuilt.
Tom nervously watched the woman, alarmed by her silence.
Gerund
A gerund phrase will begin with a gerund, an
ing word, and will include other modifiers
and/or objects. Gerund phrases always
function as nouns, so they will be subjects
or objects of the sentence.
Gerund examples
Eating ice cream on a windy day can be a
messy experience if you have long,
untamed hair.
Eating ice cream is the
subject of the sentence.
It is the thing that IS
messy. Is being the verb.
A more disastrous activity for longhaired people is blowing giant bubble gum
bubbles with the car windows down.
Blowing giant bubble gum
bubbles is the object of
the sentence. It is the
disastrous activity in the
subject.
Don't mistake a present participle phrase for a gerund
phrase.
Gerund and present participle phrases are easy to confuse
because they both begin with an ing word. The difference
is the function that they provide in the sentence. A gerund
phrase will always behave as a noun while a present
participle phrase will act as an adjective. Check out these
examples:
Walking on the beach, Delores dodged jellyfish that had
washed ashore.
Walking on the beach = present participle phrase
describing the noun Delores.
Walking on the beach is painful if jellyfish have washed
ashore.
Walking on the beach = gerund phrase, the subject of the
verb is.
Teaching notes:
Create stations for:
- Prepositional phrases
- Non-essential appositive phrases
- Essential appositive phrases
- Past participle
- Present participle
- Gerund
At each station, in their notes (flipbook) they
must:
-Define the term
- put example from PPT
- create original example