Transcript Class Session 10b Lecture

Class Session 10b
Chapter 7
•
Verb Conjugation
•
ru-Verbs
•
u-Verbs
•
Indeterminancy of eru/iru-ending Verbs
•
Irregular Verbs
•
Some Slightly Irregular Verbs
•
Making the Polite Present Negative Forms of Verbs
•
Some Useful Action Verbs
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Verb Conjugation
• Compared with other foreign languages, Japanese verbs conjugate systematically
• There are only two irregular verbs to contend with (suru, to do and kuru, to come)
• Some honorific verb forms are also irregular but are not discussed in Japanese-1100
• Several verbs undergo slight sound changes in some forms
• The copular verb desu has very different forms (and is not discussed in this chapter)
• Japanese is called an agglutinating language: verbs are conjugated by adding multiple
suffixes to the verb stem
• In addition to the irregular verbs there are only two types of verbs in Japanese:
• ru-verbs
(sometimes called ru-dropping)
• u-verbs
(sometimes called u-dropping)
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ru-Verbs
• Most forms of ru-verbs are created after dropping the –ru from the dictionary form
(plain present affirmative form)
• The vowel that remains after dropping –ru will always be e or i
• For example, the ru-verb taberu (to eat):
Drop the –ru to form the stem:
→
taberu
Add nai to form the plain negative
tabe + nai
→
tabenai
Add masu to form the polite present
tabe + masu
→
tabemasu
Add masen to form the polite negative
tabe + masen
→
tabemasen
tabe
• Examples:
Plain Present
Affirmative
Plain Present
Negative
Polilte Present
Affirmative
taberu (to eat)
tabenai
tabemasu
neru (to sleep)
nenai
nemasu
miru (to look)
minai
mimasu
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u-verbs
• Most forms of u-verbs (also called u-dropping verbs) are created from their dictionary form
•
by dropping the –u and adding one or more suffixes
• For example, the u-verb kaeru (to return):
Drop the –u to form the stem:
→
kaeru
Add anai to form the plain negative kaer + anai
→
[kaer]1
kaeranai
Add imasu to form the polite present
kaer + imasu
→
kaerimasu
Add masen to form the polite negative
kaer + imasen
→
kaerimasen
• u-verbs end in one of the following nine hiragana letters
る ru く ku
ぐ gu
う u
つ tsu
す su む mu
ぬ nu
ぶ bu
• --------------------------------------•
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This is conceptual only; ka-e-r is not really possible in written Japanese.
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Patterns of the Nine Kinds of u-verbs
Plain Present
Affirmative
Plain Present
Negative
Plain Present
Affirmative
kaeru (to return)
kaeranai
kaerimasu
kaku (to write)
kakanai
kakimasu
oyogu (to swim)
oyoganai
oyogimasu
kau (to buy)
kawanai
kaimasu
matsu (to wait)
matanai
machimasu
hanasu (to speak)
hanasanai
hanashimasu
nomu (to drink)
nomanai
nomimasu
shinu1 (to die)
shinanai
shinimasu
asobu (to play)
asobanai
asobimasu
(Dictionary form)
-----------------------------------1 shinu is the only verb in Japanese that ends in nu
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An Easy Set of Rules for u-verbs
• Add –imasu to the stem of a u-verb to form the polite present affirmative
• Add –imasen to the stem of a u-verb to form the polite present negative
• The dictionary form of a u-verb is the plain present affirmative form (no change)
• Add –anai to the stem of a u-verb to form the plain present negative form
• If the u-verb stem ends in a vowel (a, i, u, e, or o) add wanai to the stem to form the
plain present negative form:
kau
ka
kawanai
• ts in the last syllable of a verb in the dictionary form becomes t when followed by a
and ch when followed by the vowel i (tsu changes to ta or chi)
matsu
matanai
machimasu
• s in the last syllable of a verb in the dictionary form becomes sh when followed by the
vowel i (su changes to shi)
hanasu
hanashimasu
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Indeterminancy of eru/iru-ending Verbs
• There are about half a dozen or so commonly used verbs that look like –ru verbs
but which are really u-verbs.
• taberu (to eat) and kaeru (to return) both look like ru-verbs, but kaeru is a u-verb
• If a verb ends in eru or iru, chances are that it is an ru-verb, but, until you learn which
common verbs are of each type, you cannot be sure
• One way to remember is to learn the masu form of the u-verbs that look like ru-verbs
• For example there are really two kaeru verbs:
帰る
kaeru (to return) is a u-verb, so its polite present affirmative is kaerimasu
変える kaeru (to change) an ru-verb, so its polite present affirmative is kaemasu
• Note that the two words have different kanji so there is no confusion in written
Japanese
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Irregular Verbs
• The two common irregular verbs are suru (to do) and kuru (to come)
• Being irregular, they do not follow the rules for either ru-verbs or u-verbs
• You must memorize the patterns of these two verbs, which are as follows:
Plain
Present
Affirmative
Plain
Present
Negative
Polite
Present
Affirmative
Polite
Present
Negative
suru
shinai
shimasu
shimasen
kuru
konai
kimasu
kimasen
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Some Slightly Irregular Verbs
• The verb aru (to exist) is a u-verb, but its plain present negative form is nai, NOT
aranai
• The verb irassharu (to exist, honorific form) is a u-verb, but its polite present
affirmative form is irasshaimasu NOT irassharimasu
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Making the Polite Present Negative Forms of Verbs
• When you know how to make the polite present affirmative (masu) form of verbs,
it is easy to make the polite present negative form
• The negative counterpart of the masu suffix is masen, so just replace masu with
masen
taberu
tabemasu
tabemasen
iku
ikimasu
ikimasen
kaeru
kaerimasu
kaerimasen
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Some Useful Action Verbs
tabe-ru
to eat
ne-ru
to sleep
nom-u
to drink
tsukur-u
to make
kak-u
to write
mi-ru
to look
yom-u
to read
kik-u
to listen
hanas-u
to speak
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