Transcript CHAPTER III WORD

CHAPTER III
WORD-FORMATION (I)
1. General remarks of word-formation
– Percentage of new words coined
by the different word-formation
processes after WWII
– Some basic concepts of wordformation
2. Compounding
1. Definition
2. Classification of compounds
3. Derivation
– Definition
– Prefixation
– Suffixation
4. Conversion
1. Definition
2. Types of conversion
1. GENERAL REMARKS
• Word-formation or word-building is
an important means of vocabulary
enlargement. The English language
has increased its resources not
only through the adoption of words
from other languages, but also
through the formation of new
words with the material available in
the language.
• A Percentage of new words coined by
word-formation processes (p.31)
•
27%
COMPOUNDING
• Three major processes 17.5%
DERIVATION
•
10.5%CONVERSION
• The eight minor processes 26.5%
• Some basic concepts
• Word-formation rules: The rules of
word –formation define the scope
and methods whereby speakers of
a language may create new words
A root is that part of a word-form
that remains when all the
inflectional and derivational affixes
have been removed. (it conveys
the main lexical meaning)
A stem is the part of the word-form
which remains when all inflectional
affixes have been removed.
A base is the form to which affixes
of any kind can be added.
2. COMPOUNDING
1. Definition is a word-formation process
in which words are formed by putting
two or more words together.
2. The relative criteria of a compound
word are as follows:
– Orthographic criterion
– Phonological criterion (`blackbird
black`bird）
– Semantic criteria（greenhouse
green house)
COMPOUNDING
3. Classification of compounding
Compounds are here classified according to
parts of speech of the compounds, i.e. as
noun compounds, adjectives and verb
compounds, which are then subdivided by
the syntactic relation of the compounding
elements.
Noun compounds
• Subject and verb
–Subject + deverbal noun (sunrise The
sun rises.)
–Verb+ subject (crybaby The baby
likes to cry.)
–Verbal noun in –ing +subject
(dancing-girl The girl dances)
• Verb and object
–Object+ deverbal noun in –ing (sightseeing someone sees-)
–Object+agential noun in –er (or –
or)(language teacher)
–Verb+object (drawbridge 可开闭的吊桥
Someone draws the bridge.)
–Verbal noun in –ing+object (reading
material someone reads the material.)
• Verb and adverbial
–Verb noun in –ing+ adverbial (a
prepositional phrase used as an
adverbial) (swimming pool Someone
swims in the pool.)
–Adverbial+ verbal noun in –ing
daydreaming Someone dreams
during the day.)
–Adverbial+agential noun in –er
(babysitter Someone sits with a baby.)
–Adverbial+ deverbal noun(homework
Someone works at home.)
–Verb+adverbial(dancehall Someone
dances in a hall.)
• Subject and object
–Noun1+noun2 (windmill The wind
powers the mill.)
–Noun1+noun2(toy factory The factory
produces toys.)
–Noun1+noun2(cane sugar The cane
produces the sugar.)
–Noun1+noun2(table leg The table
has legs)
–Noun1+noun2(security officer The
officer looks after security.)
• Restrictive relation (The first element
restricts the meaning of the second
raindrop a drop of rain)
• Appositive relation a pine tree the tree
is a pine.)
Adjective compounds
• Subject and verb (suntanned Sun
tanned the skin.)
• Verb and object (man-eating Someone
eats men.)
• Verb and adverbial
–Adverbial+ -ing participle
(oceangoing Someone goes across
oceans.)
–Adverbial+ -ed participle (heartfelt 衷
心的 Someone fells it in the heart.)
–Adverb/adj.+-ing participle
(hardworking Someone works hard
–Adverb/adj.+ -ed participle (quickfrozen Something was frozen quickly.)
• Noun and adjective
–The noun denoting respect (tax free
free from tax)
–The noun denoting the thing with
which the adjective is
compared/denoting basis of
comparison (ocean green as green
as the ocean)
• Coordinating relationship(bittersweet
sweet but bitter)
five subclassifications
– Adjective compounds may also be formed
from
• Phrasal verbs (made-up story)
• Adverbial phrases (They kept a roundthe–clock watch on the house.)
• From proverbs and idiomatic
expressions (never-to-be-too-old-tolearn spirit)
• From an attributive clause (a jetpropelled plane)
Verb compounds
• Those formed by backformation(baby-sit baby-sitter;
house-keep house-keeper)
• Those formed by conversion(bluepencil 改动; nickname）
• There are two types of syntactic
relations in verb compounds
–Object+ verb (housekeep to
keep house)
–Adverbial+ verb (baby-sit to sit
with a baby)
• We have compound adverbs(out-doors,
face-to-face), pronounces(something),
prepositions (throughout) and
conjunctions (however, therefore).
• Words listed below are not classified
(has-been, also-ran, lion’s share)
• To become familiar with some of the
more productive types as indicated in
this chapter might be useful for us.
(Because of their brevity and vividness)
3. DERIVATION
1. Definition: Derivation or affixation
is a method of word-formation by
which new words are created by
adding affixes( prefix or suffix or
both) or combining form to the
base.
A combining form is a bound
morpheme, such as auto- (fr. Gk
autos self), hydro (fr. Gk hydor
water), or tele (fr. Tele far off), but
which are now occurs only in
derivatives.
2. Prefixation is the formation of
new words by adding a prefix or
combining form to the base.
1. They do not generally alter the
word-class of the base; fair unfair
2. Some do convert words to a
different word-class
be- adj. → v. Becalm, belittle;
de- n. → v. Deform, debug(除错）
en- n. → v. enslave(奴役), endanger
(危及）
un- n. → v. unleash, unearth;
3. Classification of prefixes
1. Negative prefixes(a-, dis-, in-,
non-, un-)
• a1.
on, in, to
aside
2.
from
3.
of
4.
out
5.
emphasize
6.
without, not
abed, afoot, asleep,
abridge
anew
amend
arise, awake
amoral
2. Reversative or privative
prefixes (de-, dis-, un-)
3. Pejorative prefixes (mis-, mal-,
pseudo-) maladminister , ~dox
4. Prefixes of degree or size (arch-,
super-, out-, sub-, over-, under-,
hyper-, ultra-,mini-)
5. Prefixes of orientation and
attitude (anti-, contra-, counter-,
pro-, co-)
6. Locative prefixes (fore-, inter-,
sub-, super-, trans-)
7. Prefixes of time and order (ex-,
fore-, pre-, post-, re-)
8. Number prefixes (bi-/di-, multi-,
poly-, tri-, uni-, mono-)
4.Brief description of some
productive prefixes in current
English.
ANTI- (fr. Gk anti- against)(p.45)
DE- (fr. De adv. & prep. Off, from)
MINI- (means little, It combines freely
with nouns)
NON- (means not , combines with
nouns, adjectives and open-class
adverbs)
RE- (fr. L re-again)
<re- word>
SUPER- (fr. L super- above, beyond)
UN- (means not or the converse of)
3. Suffixation is the formation of a
new word by adding a suffix or a
combining form to the base, and
usually changing the word-class
of the base.
Classification of suffixes
Noun(-forming) suffixes
1. noun→noun suffixes(-hood in
brotherhood)
2. adjective →noun suffixes(-ness
in kindness)
3. verb →noun suffixes(-er in
writer, -ee in payee)
Verb(-forming) suffixes
(-ify in simplify
-ize in modernize
-en in quicken))
Adjective(-forming) suffixes
1. noun →adjective suffixes(-ful in
useful, -less in careless)
2. Other adjective(-forming)
suffixes(-ed in pointed, -ic in
atomic)
• Adverb(-forming) suffixes
(-ly in happily
-ward/s in backward/s
-wise in clockwise)
Brief description of some productive
suffixes in current English.
-ABLE
Forming adjectives from transitive
(specifically, from causative)
verbs by indicating a passive
sense(p.50)
(to break breakable,
to move
movable,
To wash
washable)
Any new transitive verb can be
made into an –able word
(xerox
xeroxable)
Forming from intransitive verbs,
with an active meaning
(perishable able to perish,
variable able to vary)
Forming new words from verbs
normally requiring an adverb or
a preposition (such as laughable,
livable)
-ER(OR) (with the meaning of one
who performs an action/the agent
may be animate or inanimate)
-IN (this is a combining form of the
adverb in. sit-in, work-in, drive-in)
-ISH (form adjectives from national
names, as in Swedish; denote
having the nature of, as in foolish;
sense of some what, as in reddish)
-IZE (fr. Gk –ize) (one of the few
verb-forming suffixes)
-Y (an adjective-forming suffix added
to nouns)
Differentiating suffixes There are some
differentiating suffixes which convey
subtle nuances of meaning.
Historic
historical
Economic
economical
Comic
comical
Politic
politicial
Thank you