Transcript Definition

PARTS OF SPEECH
TAUGHT BY: PROFESSOR OF
ENGLISH
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I
HE
SHE
THEY
IT
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What is a pronoun?
 Definition:
A pronoun is a word used instead of
noun or name, to avoid the repetition of
it.
A pronoun is a part of speech that
substitutes for nouns or noun phrases
and designates persons or things asked
for, previously specified, or understood.
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PRONOUNS

Classification and Definition
Personal pronoun
Self-pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Relative pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
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Reciprocal pronoun
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What is a personal pronoun?
 Definition:
A personal pronoun is a kind of
pronouns that is used to denote
the three persons.
First person
Second person
Third person
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 Personal
pronoun is divided:
Subject
Object
WE
I
YOU
THEY
SHE
us
you
HE
her
them
IT
ONE
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me
one
him
it
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FUNCTIONS OF PERSONAL PRONOUN
1/ Subject of a verb
They want to conduct a diplomatic
negotiation with Sarah Palin about war in
Pakistan.
 2/ Object of a verb
I met them in New York during election
campaign.

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3/ Direct / Indirect object
Obama provided it to them in conference
after election.
 4 / Object of a preposition
Ronaldo waits for me at the street
corner.
 5 / Subjective complement
If I were you, I shouldn’t do that.

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THE USE OF ( IT)
1/ Subject of verb
I have a dog. It is called Tony.
 2/ Object of a verb
I can’t find it anywhere today.
 3/ Formal subject
Sometimes, it is difficult to make a
decision.

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4/ Formal object
I consider it as my duty to return
gratitude to my parents for supporting
me to study more English.
 5/ Subject of impersonal verb
- Natural phenomenon - Time – Distance
It rains. It takes 3 days.. It takes 2 km.

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6/ Emphatic sentence
Sok broke the glass. It was Sok that
broke the glass.( It + be +noun + that..)
 7/ In familiar expression
It is said that…………………….
It is believed that……………….
It is reported that……………….

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8/ For thing without life
Here is your picture, take it away.
 9/ In speaking of the weather or the
time
It is cold today.
It was 4 o’clock when she arrived.
 10/ For a young child
When I saw the child. It was crying.

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What is a possessive pronoun?
Definition:
A possessive pronoun is a kind of
pronouns that is used to show
possession and is used to replace the
possessive adjective plus noun.
Ex- I heard his vioce. It is really his.
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REMARK ON DOUBLE POSSESSIVE
NOUN + OF + POSSESSIVE PRONOUN
Ex- Please show me one of your picture.
Ex- Please show me a picture of yours.
Ex- She introduced me to one of Sok’s
friends.
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POSSESSIVE PRONOUN
Singular
Plural
mine
yours
his
hers
its
one’s
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ours
yours
theirs
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What is a self-pronoun?
 Definition:
A self-pronoun is a kind of pronouns
which is used to show that the subject
does something for himself or to
emphasize the role of subject or object.
Ex- He killed himself.
Ex- I myself shot the tiger yesterday.
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SELF- PRONOUN
Singular
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
oneself
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Plural
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
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SELF- PRONOUN

SELF- PRONOUN IS DIVIDED INTO 2
Reflexive pronoun
Emphasizing pronoun
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REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
1/ Object of the verb
Hillary loves herself too much.
 2/ Indirect object
We can’t teach ourselves English.
 3/ Object of preposition
Obama and Clinton work for themselves.
Note: reflexive pronoun can’t be omitted.

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EMPHASIZING PRONOUN
1/ To emphasize the subject
The hunter himself killed the big tiger.
 2/ To emphasize the object
I have met Sarah Palin herself.
Note: emphasizing pronoun can be
omitted and can be put right after the
subject, object or at the end of the
sentence.

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What is a relative pronoun?
Definition:
A relative pronoun is a kind of pronouns
that is used to introduce an adjective
clause.
that
whom
who
which
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whose
as
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
FOR PERSON
WHO ( THAT) - SUBJECTIVE CASE
This is the man who brings me the news.
WHOM ( THAT) – OBJECTIVE CASE
The girl whom you told me is standing
there.
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
FOR THINGS
WHICH ( THAT) – SUBJECT/ OBJECT
Palin lends me a book which is very
interesting.
This is the novel which we are talking
about.
This is an information which we provided
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
WHOSE - For person
The mother whose boy died in the accident is
crying painfully.
 OF WHICH - For thing
The house of which roof is red belongs to my
uncle.
 AS is used as a relative pronoun after such +
pronoun and sometimes after the same +
pronoun.
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What is a demonstrative pronoun?
Definition:
A demonstrative pronoun is a kind of
pronouns that is used to point out person
or things.
THAT
THIS
THESE
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THOSE
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ones
such
To avoid repetition
Ex-There are two shirts. I like the red
ones.
Ex-Those students are clever ones.
Ex-Such are people, I’ve never met.
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What is an interrogative pronoun?
 Definition:
An interrogative pronoun is a kind of
pronouns used to make questions.
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what
whose
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which
who
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For person
what – is used to ask for occupation.
which – is used to ask for choice.
who – is used to ask for identification.
whose – is used to ask for possessor.
 For things
what - is used to ask for information.

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What is an indefinite pronoun?
 Definition.
An indefinite pronoun is a kind of
pronouns that is used to refer to number,
but not any number in particular.
one
both each
either neither
several all
every
whole some
any a little many much a lot of…..
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What is a reciprocal pronoun?
 Definition:
A reciprocal pronoun is a kind of
pronouns that is used to show reciprocity
between subject.
Ex-In our society, we must depend on
one another.
Ex-Romeo and Juliet loved each other.
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What is a noun?
Definition:
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A noun is a name of anything. It may be
the name of a person, an animal, a place
an action, a quality, or a state of being.
Ex- a teacher, a sword, a bird, a town,
revenge, loyalty, laziness………..
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KINDS OF NOUN

THERE ARE TWO MAIN KINDS OF NOUN
CONCRETE NOUN
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ABSTRACT NOUN
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What is a concrete noun?
 Definition:
A concrete noun is a kind of nouns that
we can see and touch.
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Ex- teacher, school, laptop, car, plane
book, cat, telephone, girl, ………..
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KINDS OF CONCRETE NOUN

THERE ARE THREE KINDS OF
CONCRETE NOUN:
នាមសាធា
COMMON NOUN
នាមអសាធា
នាមប្រមូ លផ្តុំ
PROPER NOUN
COLLECTIVE NOUN
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What is a common noun?
 Definition:
A common noun is a kind of nouns that
we can share in common.
Common Noun is divided:
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COUNTABLE NOUN
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UNCOUNTABLE NOUN
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What is a proper noun?
 Definition:
A proper noun is a kind of nouns that
refers to a name of particular persons,
animals, places…………………………
Ex- Phnom Penh, London, Oslo, Paris
Kopenhagen, Budapest, Cambodia
Kampot, Pursat, Kampong Thom…
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What is a collective noun?
 Definition:
A collective noun is a kind of nouns that
refers to a number of things, animals or
person as a whole.
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Ex- class, people, cattle, crew,
committee, police………….
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What is an abstract noun?
 Definition:
An abstract noun is a kind of nouns that
we can not see and touch.
Abstract Noun may refer:
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ACTION
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QUALITY
STATUS
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FORMATION OF ABSTRACT NOUN
1/ ADJECTIVE + NESS
Ex- happiness, laziness, greatness,
bitterness………………………..
2/ ADJECTIVE + TH
Ex- length, width, breath, youth, depth…
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3/ ADJECTIVE OR NOUN + ISM
Ex- materialism, heroism, socialism….
4/ NOUN + SHIP
Ex- friendship, ownership, scholarship..
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5/ NOUN + HOOD
Ex- boyhood, childhood, neighborhood...
6/ VERB + ION
Ex- construction, dictation, action……..
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7/ ADJECTIVE OR NOUN + DOM
Ex- freedom, kingdom, wisdom………
8/ VERB + MENT
Ex- management, judgement…………
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9/ VERB + ING
Ex- hunting, swimming, jogging, doing…
10/ SOME VRBS
Ex- love, taste, touch, fear, hate, smell…
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SOME KINDS OF NOUNS
COMPOUND NOUN
DERIVATIVE NOUN
MARTERIAL NOUN
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NOUN EQUIVALENT
AGENT NOUN
AGGREGATE NOUN
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What is a compound noun?
 Definition:
A compound noun is a kind of nouns
which consists of two, three or more
parts and is created by:
1/ NOUN + NOUN
Ex- postcard, bookcase, newspaper…..
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2/ GERUND + NOUN
Ex- sawing machine, swimming pool…..
3/ ADJECTIVE + NOUN
Ex- grandson, whiteboard, redpen……..
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4/ ADVERB/ PREPOSITION + NOUN
Ex- overcoat, upland, foresight……….
5/ VERB + NOUN
Ex- pickpoket, cutpurse, cutthroat……..
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6/ VERB + ADVERB
Ex- breakdown, buildup, farewell………
7/ ADVERB + VERB
Ex- income, outlook, input……….
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8/ POSSESSIVE CASE + NOUN
Ex- spokesman, salesman, sportsman
statesman……….
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What is a noun equivalent?
 Definition:
A noun equivalent is a kind of nouns
which is created by:
1/ PRONOUN
Ex- He arrived at the airport on time.
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2/ GERUND
Ex- Swimming is a good exercise.
3/ ADJECTIVE PRECEDED BY ( THE )
Ex- The rich must help the poor.
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4/ INFINITIVE
Ex- To be loved is happy.
5/ NOUN PHRASES
a- Nominative absolute phrases
Ex- A bird in a hand is better than two in
bush.
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b- Infinitive phrases
Ex- To win the election is a victory for
candidates after election campaign.
c- Gerund phrases
Ex- Giving speeches made him proud to
his nation after being elected.
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6/ NOUN CLAUSE
Ex- We know that he’ll win the election.
Ex- How the prisoner escaped was
unknown.
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GENDER OF NOUN

Gender of noun can be:
1/ MASCULINE GENDER
A noun that is the name of a male being.
Ex- man, son, father, ox, dog, nephew…
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2/ FAMININE GENDER
A noun that is the name of a female
being.
Ex- woman, daughter, mother, cow,
niece……………………………..
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3/ COMMON GENDER
A noun that is the name of either male
or female being.
Ex- friend, neighbor, teacher, child…..
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4/ NEUTER GENDER
A noun that is the name of something
without life.
Ex- tree, table, bicycle,house, car…….
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SOME NOTES OF GENDER
1/ Object distinguished for greatness,
power, sublimity are regarded as
Masculine.
Ex- Mine left his victims in sorrow.
2/ Object of sentiment distinguished for
grace, beauty, gentleness are regarded
as Faminine.
Ex- Let peace holds everywhere.
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3/ Name of countries, ships, engines, cars,
most small animals and insects are
regarded as Faminine.
Ex- We’re talking about Cambodia and
her industry.
4/ Most large animals are considered as
Masculine.
Ex- Lion is not afraid of any animals.
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FORMATIONS OF NOUNS
prefix+
un
in
noun
re
pre
dis
fore
under
Ex- untruth, inaction, disregard, forehead,
prepayment, recovery, underskirt……….
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ian
noun+
prefix
ist
ship
dom
ful
ism
hood
Ex- musician, physician, violinist,
guitarist, mouthful, pocketful
kingdom, childhood, brotherhood,
friendship, patriotism, leadership…
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suffix
VERB+
ER
OR
ING
AR
ION
MENT
Ex- reader, operator, liar, action,
agreement, arrangement, swimming.
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suffix
ADJECTIVE +
DOM
ISM
TY
NESS
ITY
Ex- freedom, realism, darkness, safety…
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FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS
1/ SUBJECT OF A VERB
Teachers came late this morning.
2/ SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
My friend is a tycoon.
3/ OBJECT OF A VERB
Bird builds a nest in the forest.
4/ DIRECT/ INDIRECT OBJECT
Obama gave me a plane last month.
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5/ OBJECT OF PREPOSITION
She is waiting for teacher at the street
corner.
6/ COGNATE OBJECT
I dreamed a good dream last night.
7/ ADVERBIAL EQUIVALENT
He worked ten hours a day.
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8/ OBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT
We considered him a great patriot.
9/ APPOSITION
Soyavaraman, a famous king, built
Angkor Wat in the half of 21 century.
10/ ADJECTIVE EQUIVALENT
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Did you see my brother’s book here?
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VERB
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 THERE
ARE TWO MAIN KINDS
OF VERB
FINITE VERB
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NON-FINITE VERB
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What is a finite verb?
 Definition:
A finite verb is a kind of verbs which
always changes to subjects and tenses.
Ex- Obama wants to conduct an ugent
peace talk with North Korea to restore an
economic crisis in his administration.
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FINITE VERB
 FINITE
VERB IS DIVIDED INTO 5 :
TRANSITIVE VERB
INTRANSITIVE VERB
LINKING VERB
SPECIAL VERB
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IMPERSONAL VERB
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What is a transitive verb?
 Definition:
A transitive verb is a verb which needs
object or objects.
A transitive verb is a verb that has no a
complete meaning by itself.
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What is an object?
 Definition:
An object is the person or thing affected
by the action described in the verb.
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KINDS OF OBJECT
DIRECT OBJECT
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INDIRECT OBJECT
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KINDS OF TRANSITIVE VERB
TRANSITIVE VERB CAN BE DIVIDED
2
MONO TRANSITIVE VERB
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DITRANSITIVE VERB
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What is a mono transitive verb?
 Definition:
A mono transitive verb is a kind of
transitive verbs that requires an object.
Ex- Hillary speaks English.
Ex- Palin kisses me.
Ex- I love my daughter.
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What is a ditransitive verb?
 Definition:
A ditransitive verb is a kind of transitive
verbs which requires two or more
objects.
Ex- Obama gave a speech to his patriots
after economic clout.
Ex- Former khmer Rouge leaders
provided documents to CDC last month.
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What is an intransitive verb?
 Definition:
An intransitive verb is a verb that has a
complete meaning by itself in sentence.
An intransitive verb is a kind of verbs that
may be modified by an adverb, an
adverb equivalent or cognate object.
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Ex- The injured man died painfully.
Ex- She went to school.
Ex- She dreamed a good dream.
Ex- I run
Ex- She sleeps.
Ex- He works.
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What is a linking verb?
 Definition:
A linking verb or incomplete intransitive
verb is one that joins the subject and
subjective complement.
A linking verb or copular verb is a kind of
verbs which does not express action, but
helps complete statements about the
subject by describing or identifying it.
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LINKING VERBS ARE
BE
LOOK
GET
STAY
SEEM
GROW
TURN
SOUND
REMAIN
APPEAR
TASTE
SMELL
FEEL
BECOME
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What is a special verb?
 Definition:
A special verb is a kind of verbs that can not
stand alone in the sentence.
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SPECIAL VERB IS DIVIDED
1/ PRINCIPLE AUXILIARY VERBS
2/ MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS
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What is an auxiliary verb?
 Definition:
An auxiliary verb is a kind of verbs which
is used with other verbs to express
moods or tense.
can
ought to
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be
will
dare
do
have
shall may must
need used to
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What is a principle auxiliary verb?
 Definition:
A principle auxiliary verb is a special
verb which can be used to help simple
verbs make negative, interrogative
sentence and to create tense and
aspect.
Ex- She does not speak English.
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KINDS OF PRINCIPLE AUXILIARY VERB
Principle auxiliary verbs are
3
DO
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BE
HAVE
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What is a modal verb?
 Definition:
A modal verb is a kind of verbs which is
used to modify the meaning of the main
verbs in some ways.
A modal verb is a kind of verbs that is
used to express necessity or possibility,
and change the main verb in that sense.
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HOW TO NOTE MODAL VERB IN SENTENCES
1/ Modal verbs have no –s / es / ies form.
2/ Modal verbs have no –to infinitive form.
3/ Modal verbs have no – participle form.
4/ Modal verbs form the questions by
inversion and negatives by adding ( not ).
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MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS
ARE
CAN
MAY
USED TO
DARE
WILL
NEED
SHALL
OUGHT TO
MUST
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MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS
ARE DIVIDED INTO
2
PURE MODALS
MAY
OUGHT TO
CAN WILL SHALL MUST
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SEMI-MODALS
NEED
DARE USED TO
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What is a pure modal auxiliary verb?
 Definition:
A pure modal auxiliary verb is used to
express ideas in sentences.
Ex- I could swim quite well when I was
younger.
Ex- Bush, former president of the United
States of America, must resign after
election.
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What is a semi-modal auxiliary verb?
 Definition:
A semi-modal auxiliary verb is a kind of
modal auxiliary verbs which is partly like
modal verbs and partly like main verbs.
Ex- I need not come to work tomorrow.
Ex- Palin used to speak English at home.
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What is an impersonal verb?
 Definition:
An impersonal verb is a verb which is
used to express a natural phenomenon
and a measurement.
Ex- It takes three hours to get to the
airport.
Ex- It takes five kilometers from my
house to the college.
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What is a non-finite verb?
 Definition:
A non-finite verb is a verb that does not
change to subject and tense.
Ex- Obama wants to reform his nation
after Bush’s administration.
Ex- Clinton stopped working as a senator
in New York after election.
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NON-FINITE VERB
NON-FINITE VERB IS DIVIDED INTO
3
INFINITIVE
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GERUND
PARTICIPLE
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What is an infinitive verb?
 Definition:
An infinitive verb is a name of certain
verb forms that exists in many
languages.
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An infinitive of a verb is its basic form
with or without the particle ( to ).
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KINDS OF INFINITIVE VERB
INFINITIVE CAN BE DIVIDED INTO
3


BARE INFINITIVE
FULL INFINITIVE
 SPLIT INFINITIVE
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What is a bare infinitive?
 Definition:
A bare infinitive verb is a kind of verbs
that is not preceded by infinitive marker.
Ex- appreciate, felicitate, coordinate,
persue, reproduce……………………
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HOW TO USE BARE INFINITIVE
1/ Bare infinitive is used as the main verb
after the dummy auxiliary verb ( do ) or
most modal auxiliary verbs ( can, will..).
2/ Bare infinitive is used after several
verbs of perception ( see, watch, hear
and sense ) take a direct object and a
bare infinitive, where the bare infinitive
indicates an action taken by the main
verb’s direct object.
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3/ Bare infinitive is used after several
verbs of permission or causation
including ( make, bid, let, and have ).
Ex- She always makes me cry.
4/ Bare infinitive is used as present
subjunctive form and imperative form.
Ex- PAD always demands Thai prime
minister be dismissed.
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Ex- I heard Cambodian prime minister
speak in the conference yesterday.
Ex- I see a prisoner be beaten in Uganda.
Ex- Sarah Palin watches her speech be
broadcast on CNN everyday.
Ex- Obama feels USA be transformed
after election campaign.
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What is a full infinitive verb?
 Definition:
A full infinitive verb is a kind of verbs
which is preceded by infintive marker.
Ex- to resume, to conduct, to detain,
to kiss, to judge, to arbitrate………..
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HOW TO USE FULL INFINITIVE
1/ Full infinitive is used like a noun
phrase to be a subject of a verb.
Ex- To speak is very difficult.
2/ Full infinitive is used like an adjective
or adverb, expressing purpose or intent.
Ex- He is the man to talk to.
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3/ Full infinitive is used as an object of a
verb.
Ex- She wants to speak English with me.
4/ Full infinitive is used after the direct
object of many transitive verbs.
Ex- I asked her to make his case on his
behalf.
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What is a cleft infinitive?
 Definition:
A cleft infinitive verb is a verb form with
an element, usually an adverb,
interposed between infinitive marker and
the verb form.
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to + adverb + verb
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HOW TO USE CLEFT INFINITIVE
1/ Cleft infinitive verb is used to
emphasize subject.
Ex- He wants me to strongly cry.
Ex- Hillary wants Obama to strictly revise
the USA after election.
Ex- Palin wants Prad Pitt to strongly love
her after marriage.
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What is a gerund?
 Definition:
A gerund is a verbal form that ends in –
ing and functions in a sentence as a
noun.
FORM
VERB + ING
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HOW TO USE GERUND
1/ Gerund can be used as a subject.
Ex- Travelling might satisfy your desire for
new experience.
2/ Gerund can be used as direct object.
Ex- They do not appreciate my singing.
3/ Gerund can be used as subjective
complement.
Ex- My cat’s favourite activity is sleeping.
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4/ Gerund can be used as object of
preposition.
Ex- The police arrested him for speeding.
5/ Gerund can be used after verb
pattern:
 admit, avoid, carry on, consider, delay,
deny, dislike, can’t help, enjoy, finish
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justify, keep, mention, mind, practise
give up, imagine, include, involve…..
6/ Gerund can be used after special
phrases:
 to be busy, couldn’t help, don’t mind,
feel like, how about, it is no good
it is no use, spend on time, there is no
there is no point, what a bout, worth…
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What is a participle?
 Definition:
A participle is a verbal form having
some characteristics and functions of
both verb and adjective.
A participle is a verb form that
combines with an auxiliary verb to
indicate certain tenses.
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PARTICIPLE
PARTICIPLE IS DIVIDED INTO
2
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
V + ING
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PAST PARTICIPLE
V +ED/ V3
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What is present participle verb?
 Definition:
A present participle verb is a kind of
verbs that ends in –ing form and
functions as verb and as attributive verb.
Ex- talking, swimming, starting, making
travelling, studying, moving, being…….
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HOW TO USE PRESENT PARTICIPLE
1/ The present participle is used to form
the present action or progressive aspect.
Ex- Susanna is learning English at CUE.
2/ The present participle is used as
adjective to modify noun.
Ex- The watering can that is used by
Obama is mine.
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3/ The present participle is used to
modify a verb or sentence.
Ex- Broadly speaking, the project was
successful.
Ex- Broadly smiling, Hillary got expertise
from college in New York in 2009.
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What is a past participle verb?
 Definition:
A past participle verb is a kind of verbs
that is finished by ( suffix -ed ) or
changed to other form that depends on
verbs.
Ex- visited, wanted, cried, stayed
allowed, spoken, written, paid…..
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HOW TO USE PAST PARTICIPLE VERB
1/ Past participle verb is used to form
perfect aspect.
Ex- He has studied English since 1999.
2/ Past participle verb is used to form
passive voice.
Ex- The chicken was eaten after two- hour
cook yesterday.
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3/ Past participle verb is used to
modify a noun, active sense.
Ex- Our fallen comrades…
4/ Past participle verb is used to
modify a noun, passive sense.
Ex- The attached files……
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5/ Past participle verb is used to
modify a verb or sentence.
Ex- Seen from his perspective, the
problem presents no easy solution.
Ex- Considered as a hero in the USA,
Obama tried best to restore the nation.
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What is an adverb?
 Definition:
An adverb is a word which modifies the
meaning of a verb, an adjective, another
adverb, a phrase, a clause or a whole
sentence.
Ex- Obama absolutely wants to solve the
conflict between Pakistan and the USA.
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KINDS OF ADVERB
ADVERB IS DIVIDED INTO
7
PLACE
MANNER
INTERROGATIVE
DEGREE
TIME
FREQUENCY
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AFFIRMATION
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What is an adverb of place?
 Definition:
An adverb of place is a kind of adverbs
that is used to show where the action
happens.
Ex- Please wait for me right here.
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What is an interrogative adverb?
 Definition:
An interrogative adverb is a kind of
adverbs that is used to make questions.
Ex- Where is he from?
Ex- Why are you so late?
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What is an adverb of frequency?
 Definition:
An adverb of frequency is one that is
used to show how often the action
happens.
Ex- I have told him twice about that.
Ex- My secretary often makes mistakes.
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What is an adverb of time?
 Definition:
An adverb of time is an adverb that is
used to show when the action happens.
Ex- I have heard this story before.
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What is an adverb of manner?
 Definition:
An adverb of manner is an adverb that is
used to show how the action is done.
Ex- The teacher reads the text clearly.
Ex- The short course is well organized.
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What is an adverb of degree?
 Definition:
An adverb of degree or quantity is a kind
of adverbs that is used to show how
much or in what degree or what extent
the action happens.
Ex- He was too careless in his speech.
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What is an adverb of affirmation?
 Definition:
An adverb of affirmation is a kind of
adverbs which is used to indicate that a
statement is true or that in some other
ways to affirm it.
Ex- I have definitely decided to go to
Paris.
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ADVERB EQUIVALENT

Adverb equivalent is a kind of adverbs
that is made from:
1/ Some adjectives.
Ex- We take a fast train.
2/ Adverb phrase
Ex- Sok studies hard to become a good
doctor in his country.
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3/ Adverb clauses
Ex- Sok reads the newspaper while he is
riding on the bus.
Ex- His wife follows him wherever he
goes.
Ex- We go early so that we can get the
good seats.
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FORMATIONS OF ADVERB
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
NOUN + WARD
A + NOUN
IN + NOUN
AL + ADVERB
ADV + ADV
ADV + PRE
SOME + HOW
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eastward…
away, afire
indeed……
already……
whenever…
hereby….
somehow….
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FUNCTIONS OF ADVERB
1/ Adverb is used to modify a verb
Ex- Linda runs quickly out of the house.
2/ Adverb is used to modify an
adjective
Ex- Those workers are quite lazy.
3/ Adverb is used to modify another
adverb
Ex- Hillary studies hard during the exam.
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4/ Adverb is used to modify adverbial clause
Ex- I like this house simply because it is near
the supper market.
5/ Adverb is used to modify adverbial phrase
Ex- I see an angel flying exactly over my house.
6/ Adverb is used to modify a whole
sentence
EX- May be, I will go with you.
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What is an adjective?
 Definition:
An adjective is a word that is used to
modify the meaning of noun.
Ex- Cambodian country, ugly face
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KINDS OF ADJECTIVE
ADJECTIVE CAN BE DIVIDED INTO
PROPER
8
RELATIVE
INDEFINITE
DESCRIPTIVE INTERROGATIVE
NUMERAL
DEMONSTRATIVE
POSSESSIVE
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What is a proper adjective?
 Definition:
A proper adjective is an adjective that
delivered from proper nouns.
Ex- Cambodia
England
Angkor
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Cambodian
English
Angkorian
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What is a descriptive adjective?
 Definition:
A descriptive adjective is an adjective
that tells something aout the nature,
appearence and properties of noun.
Ex- beautiful girl, round table, deep sea
ugly face, big guy, small chair……….....
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What is a numeral adjective?
 Definition:
A numeral adjective is an adjective which
is used to tell the number.
2
cardinal
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ordinal
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What is a relative adjective?
 Definition:
A relative adjective is a kind of adjectives
that is used to introduce a noun clause.
They qualify a noun in the subordinate
clause.
Ex- You may take whichever book you
like.
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What is an interrogative adjective?
 Definition:
An interrogative adjective is an adjective
that is used to make questions.
Ex- Which student is cleverest in the
class?
Ex- What color is the best?
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What is a possessive adjective?
 Definition:
A possessive adjective is a kind of
adjectives that stands before noun to
show possession.
Ex- Where is your suitcase?
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What is an indefinite adjective?
 Definition:
An indefinite adjective is an adjective
that stands before nouns to show a
certain quantity.
Ex- I met some US soliers on my way
home.
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What is a demonstrative adjective?
 Definition:
A demonstrative adjective is an adjective
that is used to point out person or thing.
Ex- That villa is newly built.
Ex- Those men are candidates.
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What is a compound adjective?
 Definition:
A compound adjective is a kind of
adjectives that is formed from
present participle
NOUN+
adjective
past participle
noun+ ed
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Ex- house-keeping, home-made
dog-cared, lion-hearted…….
ADJECTIVE +
adjective
present participle
past participle
noun + ed
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Ex- dark-blue, light-green, soft-spoken
sweet-smiling, long-lived, four-footed
ADVERB+
present participle
past participle
Ex- hard-working, well-advised, well-done
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What is an adjective equivalent?
 Definition:
An adjective equivalent is an adjective
which is formed from
1/ Present participle
Ex- I hear the singing bird in the bush.
2/ Past participle
Ex- She found her lost pendant
yesterday
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3/ Absolute adjective phrase
Ex- That girl is wearing a hat bigger than
her head.
4/ Present participle phrase
Ex- The man sitting on the bench is an
English teacher.
5/ Past participle phrase
Ex- The wach found yesterday is mine.
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6/ Infinitive phrase
Ex- Hurry up, it is about time to go to the
airport.
7/ Prepositional phrase
Ex- He is a man of action.
8/ Relative pronoun
Ex- The girl who loves me is Palin.
9/ Relative adverb
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FORMATIONS OF ADJECTIVE
SOME ADJECTIVES ARE FORMED
+ful
+less
+y
+eous
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+ary
+ly
NOUN
+an
+en
+ant
+ar
+some +like
+ate
+ous
+ious
+ory
+ent
+al
+ic
+ial
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Ex- windy, foggy, airy, leafy
hopeful, painful, fearful
hopeless, painless
mountainous, dangerous, courageous
distant, vacant, confident, frequent
formal, cultural, colonial, industrial
artistic, democratic, patriotic, friendly
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motherly, teacherly, monthly, yearly
daily, lifelike, warlike, familiar, circular
congratulatory, honorary, necessary
satisfactory, fortunate, wooden, African
Cambodian, bothersome………………
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ADJECTIVES FORMED FROM
ANOTHER ADJECTIVES
al
some
ADJECTIVE+
ish
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fold
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Ex- classical, periodical, historical
greenish, whitish, reddish, bluish
twofold, threefold, manyfold
wholesome, gladsome, worrysome
A
IN
IR
DIS IM UN
PRO
IL NON
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+ ADJECTIVE
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Ex- atropic, disagreeable, disobedient
disloyal, illegal, illogical, illegible
immoral, impossible, impolite, invisible
irregular, unlucky, pro-governmental
nonexistent, nonpolitical, pro-royalistic
anti-governmental, under-developed..
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IVE
VERB+
active
restorative
ABLE
eatable
IBLE
beakable
visible
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POSITIONS OF ADJECTIVE IN SENTENCES
1/ Generally before a noun
Ex- He is a good student.
2/ After linking verbs
Ex- Hillary looked pale after election
campaign in 2008.
3/ After a noun
Ex- Book one, Orussey two, two meters
deep, 19 years old,…………………….
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The end !
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016 940 392
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