Transcript warm - Hot and cold - universal or language

Temperature Terms in Modern
Eastern Armenian (MEA)
Michael Daniel
(Moscow State University)
&
Victoria Khurshudian
(INALCO (SEDYL, Inalco/CNRS))
Preliminaries
Eastern Armenian – spoken in Armenia. Together with Western
Armenian and various dialects, forms a branch of Indo-European.
Spoken in the Caucasus the language has been in strong contact
with Iranian, Turkic and Caucasian languages.
Source data: Eastern Armenian
National Corpus (www.eanc.net)
 about 110 million tokens
lexical and morphological annotation
covers EA from the mid-19th century to the present
both written and oral discourse
open internet access
Morphology

Eastern Armenian has a part-of-speech classification of the
Indo-European type and rich inventory of derivational suffixes.
Expectedly for such a system the temperature terminology is
adjective-oriented.

Out of 16 non-derived temperature terms, there is only one
non-derived verb (mrsel ‘get cold, exp.’); several terms are used
both as nouns and adjectives (tap ‘hot, heat’ n., hov ‘cold’ adj.,
‘wind’ n., c‘urt ‘cold’ adj, krak ‘fire, very hot’ n./adj. and noun),
other basic terms are adjectives.

No special syntax / morphology except for probably a higher
degree of conversion (unmarked adjective ↔ noun derivation) than
expected. Rich inchoative and causative verbal derivation (but
almost no stative temperature verbs).
Inchoative and causative derivation
Terms
Inchoative
‘Adjective + -el/ -anal’
Causative
‘Adjective + ac’nel’
-
-
(շոգել ‘be warm’)
-
-
-
թեժանալ ‘get hot/warm’
թեժացնել ‘make hot/warm’
բարկ bark ‘hot, warm’
բարկանալ ‘get angry’
բարկացնել ‘make angry’
տաք tak’ ‘warm’
տաքանալ ‘get warm’
տաքացնել ‘to warm (up), to heat’
ջերմ ĵerm ‘warm’
ջերմանալ ‘get hot/warm’
(ջերմել ‘have temperature’)
ջերմացնել ‘‘to warm (up), to heat; give
comfort’
գոլանալ ‘get cool’
գոլացնել ‘to cool’
գաղջանալ ‘get cool’
գաղջացնել ‘to cool’
հով hov ‘cool, warm’
զով zov ‘cool, warm’
հովանալ ‘get cool’
զովանալ
հովացնել ‘to cool’
զովացնել
պաղ paġ ‘cool, warm’
պաղել ‘get cool/ cold’
պաղեցնել ‘to cool’
սառը saŕǝ 'cold'
սառել ‘get cold’
սառեցնել ‘make cold/ freeze, to cool’
ցուրտ c’urt ‘cold’
ցրտել ‘get cold’
-
-
մրսել ‘get cold’
մրսեցնել ‘have cold’
տոթ tot’ ‘hot, stuffy’
շոգ šog ‘hot’
տապ tap ‘hot, stuffy’
թեժ t’ež ‘hot’
գոլ gol ‘cool, warm’
գաղջ gaġĵ ‘cool, warm’
Diachrony: relative stability
Terms
POS
Origin (by ACTH)
First occurrence
in EANC
տոթ tot’ ‘hot, stuffy
A
source unknown
1869-1870
շոգ šog ‘hot’
A
source unknown
1841
տապ tap ‘hot, stuffy’
A, N
IE, Sanskrit: tep
1871
թեժ t’ež ‘hot’
A
source unknown
1841
բարկ bark ‘hot, warm’
A
source unknown
1860
տաք tak’ ‘warm’
A
source unknown (IE? Sanskrit: dah ‘to burn’)
1841
ջերմ ĵerm ‘warm’
A
IE (+ջեր), Sanskrit: ghar ‘to burn’
1860
գոլ gol ‘cool, warm’
A
IE: wel (=wet) (<autumn)
1841
գաղջ gaġĵ ‘cool, warm’
A
IE: գոլ+ջ < գաղջ
1927
հով hov ‘cool, warm’
A, N
IE: pou 'blow'
1841
պաղ paġ ‘cool, warm’
A
source unknown, Gr: πάγος=ice
1879
սառը saŕǝ 'cold'
A
source unknown
1841
ցուրտ c’urt ‘cold’
A
IE: k'ar-, Sans: çiçira
1841
մրսել mrsel ‘get cold’
V
source unknown, =մսիլ Avestan: mǝrǝzu
"cold" (Freymann, Marr)
1841
tak‘ vs. ĵerm
The main tactile term for HOT, tak‘, is almost
never used in metaphorical extensions. Classical
Armenian ĵerm is used exclusively metaphorically.
A hypothesis to be checked: in Modern Eastern
Armenian, tak‘ (IE origins uncertain) has replaced
ĵerm (IE origins, cognate to warm) as a basic HOT
term, leaving it outside the main temperature
domain, in the metaphorical extension area.
Non-derived temperature terms
If one believes in intermediate temperatures…
+ HOT
tak‘, ĵerm, hur, šog, t‘ež, tot‘, tap, bark
LUKE
gol († gaġĵ)
- COLD
saŕǝ, c‘urt, zov, hov, paġ († ujc)
LUKE
The zone is isolated on several grounds:
perception
1. gol perceived as intermediate between
COLD and HOT (but also, to some extent,
zov, hov)
grammar
2. no comparative constructions; inchoative may
be used in both sense - ↑ and ↓
Examples with gol ↓↑
1.
Ջուրը սառնարանից նոր հանեցի, թող գոլանա:
Ĵur-ǝ
saŕnaran-ic’
nor
han-ec’i
water-DEF
refrigerator-ABL new
take.out-AOR.1SG
t’oġ
let
gol-an-a
cool-INCH-SBJV.PRS.3SG
‘I’ve just taken out the water from the refrigerator, let it cool.’ ↑
2.
Կաթը նոր եփեց, սպասիր գոլանա:
Kat’ǝ
nor
ep’-ec’
milk-DEF
new
boil-AOR.3SG
spas-ir
wait-IMP.2SG
gol-an-a
cool-INCH-SBJV.PRS.3SG
‘The milk has just boiled, wait [so that] it cools.’ ↓
Non-derived temperature terms
VERY HOT
hur, šog, t‘ež, tot’, tap, bark
HOT/WARM
tak’
gol
zov, hov, paġ
saŕǝ, c’urt
NOT SO
COLD
COLD
Non-derived temperature terms
TACTILE
VERY HOT
-
HOT
NON-TACTILE
šog, t‘ež, tot‘, bark
tak‘
gol
TACTILE
paġ
zov, hov
COOL
saŕǝ
c‘urt
COLD
NON-TACTILE
t‘ež
Temperature scale
šog
tak’
ĵerm
gol
paġ
saŕǝ
zov
hov
c’urt
Tactile vs. Non-Tactile vs. Metaphoric
in terms of Cold vs. Warm
Cold Domain
term
metaphoric
սառը saŕǝ
Warm Domain
#
%
term
#
%
51% ջերմ ĵerm
7060
35%
49% տաք tak’
12838
65%
9628
tactile
non-tactile
Total
ցուրտ c’urt
9354
18982
19898
Addenda:
• Tactile temperatures salience: metaphorical extensions
(for COLD), richer derivation
• Retrospective temperature: paġ ‘cool’ or ‘one that
became cool’
• Clothing temperature: extension from the basic tak’
‘warm’ for warm clothes, not available for “cold clothes”
(‘thin’ or ‘light’ insight)
• Personal temperature: derived only (verbal for ‘I’m
cold’ and ‘I’m hot’; nominalization for fever)
• Liquid temperatures: basic terms tak’ ‘hot’, saŕǝ ‘cold’,
gol ‘luke’, paġ ‘cool’, ‘one that became cool’)
Ջերմ շնորհակալությո՜ւն ուշադրության համար
ĵerm šnorhakalut’yun(!)
warm gratitude
ušadrut’-yan
attention-GEN
‘Warm thanks you for your attention!’
hamar
for