Transcript Parts of Speech Powerpoint

The Parts of Speech
Noun
Pronoun
Adjective
Verb
Adverb
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Preposition
Conjunction
Interjection
Noun
A noun is a word used to
name a person, place,
thing, or idea.
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Types of Nouns
1. Proper
2. Common
3. Abstract
4. Concrete
5. Collective
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Proper Noun
• A proper noun is the name of a
particular person, place, or thing.
• Ex. – Kay, Miami, White House
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Common Noun
• A common noun is the name
of an ordinary noun.
• Ex. – city, woman, building,
shoe
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Abstract Noun
• An abstract noun names a
quality, a characteristic, or an
idea.
• Ex. – beauty, strength, love,
courage
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Concrete Noun
• A concrete noun names an
object that can be perceived
by the senses.
• Ex. – hat, desk, book, box
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Collective Noun
• A collective noun names a
group.
• Ex. - crowd, team, class
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Possessive Case
• The possessive case of a noun or a
pronoun shows ownership or relationship.
• Ownership
Relationship
Alice Walker’s poetry
the student’s suggestions
your opinion
Crowfoot’s family
five dollars’ worth
my grandparents
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Possessive Case
1. To form the possessive of a singular
noun, add an apostrophe and an –s.
ex. The senator’s comments
player’s turn
2. To form the possessive of a plural noun
ending in –s, add only the apostrophe.
ex. Girls’ team
the winners’ trophy
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Possessive Case
3. Do not use an apostrophe with
possessive personal pronouns or with
the possessive pronoun whose.
INCORRECT We thought the top score was
her’s.
CORRECT
We thought the top score was hers.
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Possessive Case
4. To form the possessive of an indefinite
pronoun, add an apostrophe and an –s.
Ex. Everyone’s vote counts equally.
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Possessive Case
5. Form the possessive of only the last
word in a hyphenated word, in the name
of an organization or a business firm, or
in a word group showing joint
possession.
Ex. father-in-law’s hobby
Lewis and Clark’s expedition
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Pronoun
• A pronoun is a word used in
place of a noun or of more than
one noun.
• Ex. – Angelo borrowed a hammer
and some nails. He will return
them tomorrow.
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Antecedent
• The word that a pronoun stands
for is called the antecedent.
• In the preceding example,
Angelo is the antecedent of he,
and hammer and nails are the
antecedents of them.
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Types of Pronouns
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Personal
Reflexive
Intensive
Relative
Interrogative
Demonstrative
Indefinite
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Personal Pronouns
Singular
Plural
1st
Person
I, me, my, mine
we, our, ours, us
2nd
Person
you, your, yours
you, your, yours
3rd
Person
he, his, him
she, her, hers
it, its
they, their, theirs, them
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Reflexive/Intensive Pronouns
•
A reflexive or intensive pronoun is
created when the suffix –self or –selves
is added to the appropriate personal
pronouns.
1. Reflexive (The pronoun stands alone.)
Ex. Carmen hurt herself.
2. Intensive (The pronoun is next to another noun
or pronoun.)
Ex. Carmen herself was not hurt.
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Relative Pronoun
• A relative pronoun introduces a
subordinate (dependent) clause.
Who
Whose
Whom
Which
That
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Interrogative Pronouns
• An interrogative pronoun introduces a
question.
Who
Whom
Whose
Which
What
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Demonstrative Pronouns
• A demonstrative pronoun points out a person, a place,
a thing, or an idea.
• The demonstrative pronouns are this, that, these, and
those.
• Ex. This is our favorite song by Ella Fitzgerald.
• (Note: If one of these pronouns is before a noun, it is called a
demonstrative adjective.)
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Indefinite Pronouns
all
another
any
anybody
anyone
anything
both
each
either
everybody
everyone
everything
few
many
more
most
much
neither
nobody
none
no one
nothing
one
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
other
several
some
somebody
someone
something
such
Indefinite Pronouns
• An indefinite pronoun refers to a
person, place, idea, or thing that may
or may not be specifically named.
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Adjectives
• An adjective is a word used to modify a
noun or a pronoun.
• To modify means “to describe or make
more definite”.
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Articles
• A, an, and the are articles.
• Identify articles by placing an orange box
around each of them.
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Adjectives
• Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns by
telling which one, what kind, how many.
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Which one?
•
•
•
•
This street
Those cars
First step
Last one
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
What kind?
•
•
•
•
Brown shoes
Large animal
Narrow road
Nice person
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
How many?
•
•
•
•
Ten boxes
Several boxes
Fewer mistakes
Many students
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Adjectives
• Adjectives usually precede the words they
modify.
• Ex. The wild and graceful deer ran
through the forest.
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Adjectives
• For emphasis, however, adjectives are
sometimes placed after the words they
modify.
• The deer, wild and graceful, ran through
the forest.
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Adjective Suffixes
• Common adjective suffixes include:
-able (tolerable)
-ible (possible)
-ate (desolate, separate)
-esque (picturesque)
-ous
-en (wooden)
-ful (thankful)
-less (hopeless)
-some (lonesome)
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Prepositions
• A preposition is a word used to show the
relation of a noun or pronoun to some
other word in the sentence.
• Think about the squirrel and the tree!!!!
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Prepositions
About
Above
Across
After
Against
Along
Amid
Among
Around
at
before
behind
below
beneath
beside
besides
between
beyond
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
but (concerning)
by
concerning
down
during
except
for
from
in
More Prepositions
into
like
of
off
on
over
past
since
through
throughout
to
toward
under
underneath
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
until
unto
up
upon
with
within
without
Conjunctions
• A conjunction is a word that joins words
or groups of words.
• There are three kinds of conjunctions:
1. coordinating conjunctions
2. correlative conjunctions
3. subordinating conjunctions
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Coordinating Conjunctions
• A coordinating conjunction connects
words or groups of words used in the
same way.
and
but
or
nor
for
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
yet
so
Correlative Conjunctions
• Correlative conjunctions are pairs of
conjunctions that connect words or groups
of words used in the same way.
*Both . . . and
*Either . . . or
*Neither . . . nor
*Not only . . . but
*Whether . . . or
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Subordinating Conjunctions
• A subordinating conjunction begins a
subordinate (dependent) clause and
connects it to an independent clause.
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Subordinating Conjunctions
after
although
as
as if
as much as
as though
as well as
because
before
even though
how
if
in order that
provided
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
since
so that
than
that
though
unless
until
More Subordinating
Conjunctions
when
whenever
where
wherever
whether
while
why
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Verbs
• A verb is a word used to express action or
a state of being.
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Forms of Be
• There are eight forms of the verb –BE.
am
is
are
was
were
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
be
been
being
Linking Verbs
am
appear
is
become
are
feel
was
were
be
been
being
grow
seem
look
smell
remain sound
stay
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
taste
turn
Verb Phrases
• A verb phrase consists of a main verb
and at least one helping verb. As many as
three helping verbs may precede the main
verb.
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Helping Verbs
am
could
is
would
are
should
was
were
be
been
being
do
did
does
have
has
had
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
can
may
might
must
will
shall
Find the verbs in the following
sentences:
• 1.
The modern shopping center is a response to the
migration to the suburbs that began after World War II
and is continuing.
• 2. We have tens of thousands of shopping centers in
this country, and many more are on the architects’
drawing boards.
• 3. With art galleries, theaters, concerts, and festivals,
the big shopping centers are also cultural centers.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Verbs – continued
• 4. A typical center contains acres of parking space and
scores of stores where one can buy almost anything.
• 5. A whole town may rapidly develop around a new
shopping center, and the center then becomes the
downtown area of the community.
• 6.Because most shoppers are busy people, architects
design the centers for efficiency.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Verbs – continued
• 7.
Parking spaces are ample, and people can move
quickly from store to store.
• 8. The variety of stores interest shoppers who enjoy
bargain hunting, but because most stores in a shopping
center cater to people of the same income level, prices
actually do not vary greatly.
• 9. Although the primary aim of shopping centers is
convenience, they also provide recreation and
entertainment.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Action Verbs
•
Action verbs fall into two categories:
1. Transitive
2. Intransitive
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Transitive Verbs
• A transitive verb is an action verb that
takes an object (a word that tells who or
what receives the action. The object is
either a noun or pronoun.)
Ex. Everyone (in the school) cheered the
football team.
**To find the object, ask who? or what? after the verb.
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Intransitive Verbs
• An intransitive verb is an action verb that
does not take an object.
• Ex. The gorilla smiled.
Suddenly, the child next door screamed.
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Adverbs
• An adverb is a word used to modify a
verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Adverbs
• An adverb may tell how, when, where, or
to what extent (how often or how much).
Ex. She drives carefully. (tells how she drives)
She drives early and late. (tells when)
She drives everywhere. (tells where)
She can almost drive. (tells to what extent)
She drives daily. (tells how often)
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Adverbs may modify verbs.
• Teresa spoke eloquently. (The adverb
eloquently modifies the verb spoke, telling
how.)
• Have you heard this melody before? (The
adverb before modifies the verb phrase
Have heard, telling when.)
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Adverbs may modify adjectives.
• Sherry is quite creative. (The adverb quite
modifies the adjective creative, telling to
what extent.
• The species is found on an extremely
remote island. (The adverb extremely
modifies the adjective remote, telling to
what extent.)
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Adverbs may modify other
adverbs.
• Jackie Joyner-Kersee runs remarkably
swiftly. (The adverb remarkably modifies
the adverb swiftly, telling to what extent.)
• It is too soon (to know the results). (The
adverb too modifies the adverb soon,
telling to what extent.)
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Adverbs
• Most adverbs end in –ly.
• Common adverbs include:
no
not
never
n’t
very
almost
always
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
still
too
well
N’t, Not, Very
• Remember: N’t, not and very are always
adverbs. They tell to what extent.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Noun or Adverb??
• Some words that are often used as nouns
may also be used as adverbs.
• My parents left yesterday. (The noun yesterday is used
as an adverb telling when.)
• They will return home Saturday. (The noun home is
used as an adverb telling where. The noun Saturday is
used as an adverb telling when.)
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Preposition or Adverb???
• Some of the words that are commonly used as
prepositions may also be used as adverbs. Keep in
mind that an adverb is a modifier and that it does not
have an object. Prepositions always have objects.
• Jerry will meet you outside at noon. (Outside modifies
will meet.)
• I will meet you (outside the library). (Outside introduces
a prepositional phrase and has an object, library.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Interjection
• An interjection is a word that expresses
emotion and has no grammatical relation
to other words in the sentence.
• Examples: Oh! My goodness! Hurry!
• Interjections are sometimes followed by an
exclamation point. (!)
Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.
Teaching method developed by
Vicki Schmitt - 1994
Interjections
1. “Use an exclamation point after a
command, an interjection, an exclamation,
or some other expression of strong
emotion” (Barron’s 91).
• Use a comma to set off mild interjections
such as the word well (Hacker 69).
• Ex. Well, I guess I’ll go with you to the
game.