Transcript Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech
A review
The 8 basic parts of speech:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
nouns
verbs
adjectives
adverbs
pronouns
prepositions
conjunctions
interjections
Nouns
• People, places, things, qualities
or ideals
• People
– Mary, Fred, mother, sister
• Places
– Charlottetown, Colonel Gray
High School, the classroom,
out west
• Things
– Dog, cat, chair, desk, pencil
• Qualities/Ideals
– Love, hate, war, peace
– Fran babysits for the Gunn
family every Saturday night.
Identify the nouns in the following
sentences:
• Sarah swept the floor.
• On the way to school, the bus broke
down.
• Charlottetown is a beautiful city.
• The movie was about a woman and
her trip to Egypt.
• Hate is a terrible thing.
Verbs
• Action or “doing” words
• Action
– ran, jumped, hit, slid, burped
• Linking
– is, are, was
• Helping
– had, did, will, would, should, can
– Robin scanned the room for a
friendly face.
– He is miserable without you.
Identify the verbs in the following sentences:
• Ben went to the fridge to get a snack.
• I overslept this morning.
• Mary was upset after she broke up
with her boyfriend.
• The kids ate popcorn while they
watched a movie.
Adjectives
• Describe or modify nouns and
pronouns
– funny, sweet, mean, bossy,
beautiful, red, the, a, awesome,
colourful, big, tiny, four
– The miserable old lady didn’t give
candy on Halloween.
– Four children, who were very
chubby and grubby, came to our
door on Halloween night.
Identify the adjectives in the following
sentences:
• The extravagant package was
wrapped in beautiful pink tissue
paper.
• Sam is a seriously unhappy man.
• Two boats tossed on the dangerous
waves out at sea.
Adverbs
• Describe or modify verbs
• Often end in – ly
– quickly, sourly, noisily,
unfortunately
– The bus slowly came to a halt at
the stop sign.
– She wrote vigorously.
Other parts of speech…
• Although you can construct
complete sentences using only
nouns, verbs, adjectives, and
adverbs, your writing would be
tiresome to read if these were the
only parts of speech you used.
• There are four other parts of speech
that help to make sentences more
varied and interesting: pronouns,
prepositions, conjunctions and
interjections.
Pronouns
• A pronoun takes the place of a noun.
-- He would hear them mumbling
about him, but in the morning,
nobody made a big deal about it.
• Using pronouns allows the writer to
avoid the needless repetition found in
the following sentence:
– Mike would hear Mike’s parents
mumbling about Mike, but in the
morning, neither Mike’s parents nor
Mike made a big deal about Mike’s
nightmare.
Several types of Pronouns, including:
•
Personal pronouns
– I, me, you, your, he, him, she, it, its, we, us, our, their, them
•
Indefinite pronouns
– all, another, both, each, anybody, many, mush, few, every, nothing, one,
someone, somebody
•
Reflexive pronouns
– myself, yourself, himself, itself, ourselves, themselves
•
Relative pronouns
– who, whom, whose, which, that
•
Demonstrative pronouns
– this, that, these, those
•
Interrogative pronouns
– what, which, who, whom, whose
Identify the pronouns in the following sentences…
• She spoke to her principal about
several scholarship opportunities.
• Ellen said she never saw anything
quite like it before
• Do you know what time it is?
The dreaded antecedent
• a word, phrase, or clause that is
replaced by a pronoun or other
substitute later, or occasionally earlier,
in the same or in another, usually
subsequent, sentence.
In Jane lost a glove and she can't find it,
Jane is the antecedent of she and glove
is the antecedent of it.
Students sometime run into trouble with
pronoun antecedent agreement
because the number or gender does not
match.
pronoun antecedent examples
• The student lost his homework.
• The dog chased its tail.
• The teachers couldn’t find their
workbooks, so the students took the
day off.
• If a student cannot find his/her
homework, he/she will not get credit
for the work.
Prepositions
• A preposition shows the relationship
between two words in a sentence.
• Usually, the word or phrase following
a preposition (known as the object of
the preposition) is a noun (phrase) or
pronoun. Below, the prepositions are
underlined, and their objects are in
italic.
– It was home to a few thousand
people, many of them attached to
the air force base at the landward
end of the peninsula.
More prepositions
• However, a preposition can
also be followed by a verb to
form the infinitive (to be), by
an adjective (from bad to
worse), or by and adverb
(from before).
• Some other frequently used
prepositions:
– with, by, from, in, on,
under, over, across,
along, before, after,
between, and through
Identify the prepositions and their objects in the
following sentences…
• She went to the dance with him.
• The cat chased the mouse around
the house, through the tunnel, and
over the hill.
• It was home to a bird which hid
beneath the leaves in its nest.
Conjunctions
• A conjunction connects words, phrases, or clauses.
• Coordinating conjunctions: and, but, nor, or
– Join two or more words –
• Mike and his mother sat in the darkening
kitchen.
– Join two or more phrases –
• Sheet lightning played across the muscles of
his back and down into his thighs.
– Complete sentences –
• Mike nodded a lot, but he didn’t hear most of it.
More Conjunctions
• Subordinating conjunctions: as, although,
because, before, since, unless, which, while
– Join only clauses, and one of these clauses depends
on the other.
– Appear at the beginning or middle of a sentence.
• When he tuned to the emergency channel, depressed the
talk switch and said, “Mayday, mayday,” CFB Comox came
right back.
• Your father volunteered to stay in the boat until they came
back for him.
Identify the conjunctions in the following
sentences…
• Because she was small, she could
not go on the carnival ride.
• He was tall and handsome.
• She could not read or write a word.
• The teacher waited patiently while
her students completed their
quizzes.
Interjections
• An interjection
indicates strong
feeling or
sudden emotion.
• Examples: hey,
wow, huh, gosh
– Hey, that was
my sandwich!
– You can
somersault –
wow, that’s cool!
Identify the Interjections in the following
sentences…
• Oh, can I help you with that?
• You won the lottery– whoopee!!
• Gosh, I didn’t realize I hurt your
feelings.
Review
• Pronouns – take the place of
nouns.
• Prepositions – show the
relationship between two or
more words in a sentence.
• Conjunctions – connect
words, phrases, or clauses.
• Interjections – indicate strong
feeling or sudden emotion.
Identify whether the underlined words are pronouns,
prepositions, conjunctions, or interjections.
• He would kick and yell his way out of dreams where the
bear was after him, his chest cold and sweat-slick,
breath bellowing.
• At fifteen, he didn’t want his parents coming to his
rescue – well, maybe he wanted it a little, but it would
have bent his self-image.
• He’d been having the bear dream for as long as he could
recall, although it didn’t start out as a bear.
• It would come for him every five or six months; not that
he could count on it to keep a schedule, so sometimes it
could be twice in the same week.
• That was the worst part: it seemed to enlarge itself
toward him, like a dark balloon swelling across his field
of vision, or as if he were a lost spacewalker falling
toward a vast dark planet.
• Whatever he might be doing, Mike stopped and looked
up when the planes went over.
• If a fisherman abandoned a burning boat, the Lab would
hover in the air so that Dad could jump into the cold sea,
put a harness around the man before hypothermia killed
him, and wait in the water while the victim was winched
in safety, and they lowered the cable again to retrieve
the SARtech.
Parts of Speech Poem
Every name is called a noun
As field and fountain, street and town;
In place of noun the pronoun stands,
As he and she can clap their hands;
The adjective describes a thing,
As magic wand or bridal ring;
The verb means action, something done
To read and write, to jump and run
How things are done the adverbs tell,
As quickly, slowly, badly, well;
The preposition shows relation,
As in the street or at the station;
Conjunctions join, in many ways,
Sentences, words, or phrase and phrase;
The interjection cries out, Hark!
I need an exclamation mark.