Transcript unit 4
第四章 动词的时、体、态、式 内容提要： ◆动词的时、体、态、式 ◆时态的用法 ◆助动词的用法 动词的时、体、态、式 What do we mean by tense and aspect? Tense is a grammatical form of verbs that tells of the distinctions of time. English verbs have two tenses: the present (Φ) and the past (-ed). Aspect is a grammatical form that indicates whether an action or state is viewed as complete or incomplete. English verbs have two aspects: the progressive (-ing) and the perfective (-ed). There is no such a thing as future tense in English corresponding to the present and past tense; rather, there are a number of ways of expressing future time, eg: shall/be going to + main verb. Possible verb forms in the combination of tense and aspect: Tense aspect combination active voice passive voice 1. simple present plays am/is/are played 2. simple past played was/were played 3. present progressive am/is/are playing am/is/are being played 4. past progressive was/were playing was/were being played 5. present perfective have/has played have/has been played 6. past perfective had played had been played 7. present perfective progressive have/has been playing ------------8. past perfective progressive had been playing ------------- 动词的态 (Voice) Voice is a grammatical form of verbs that shows whether the subject of a sentence acts or is acted on. English verbs have two voices: active voice (Φ) and passive voice (-ed). Two forms of passive voice: (1) “be + V-ed”; (2) “get + V-ed”. Eg: In the end, he got punished for a crime. Shortly afterwards, the police stopped the car and both men were arrested. 动词的式 (Mood) Mood is a grammatical form of verbs that indicates whether an utterance expresses a fact, a command or request, or a nonfactual meaning. English verbs have three moods: indicative, imperative, and subjunctive. Tell in what mood each of the following sentences is. Make yourself at home. It is desirable that everything be ready by five o’clock. France lies on the windward side of Europe. The harsh weather last year is the result of the global greenhouse effect. Don’t be late for class. I wish I could help. In modern English, non-factual meaning can be expressed by a number of ways, by the simple past, by the past progressive, by the past perfective, by past tense modals + V, by conditionals, and of course, by subjunctive mood. Eg. I should be there by now if I had started earlier. How I wish I had gone there with you! He would do it if you asked him. If you should see Celia, give her my best wishes. English verbs have two forms of subjunctive mood: (1) “be-subjunctive”; that is, the verb takes the base form. (2) “were-subjunctive”, that is, the verb has only the were form. Eg. I wish I were young again. It is essential that he recognize his faults. If I were in your shoes (position), I would accept the terms. If that be so, we shall take action at once. It is necessary that he come back without delay. If the rumour be true,everything is possible. Quietly we sat on the river bank lest the fish swim away. Whatever be his defense, we cannot tolerate his disloyalty. God bless you! So be it. If only I were not so nervous. He behaves as though he were better than us. Though the whole world were against me, I would do what I consider as right. I wish it were spring all the year round. I'd rather I were not at the site of the accident. 时态的用法 一般现在时的用法 一般过去时的用法 现在进行体的用法 过去进行体的用法 现在完成（进行）体的用法 过去完成（进行）体的用法 助动词的用法 primary auxiliaries modal auxiliaries semi-auxiliaries 将来时间表示法 基于现在的将来时间的几种结构 基于过去的将来时间的几种结构