Transcript simple present

• today’s topic: tense
• group work: revising the tenses
• evaluating classroom activities;
BREAK
• developing teaching activities;
• discussion and feedback;
• self evaluation (Learning Log).
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the form of the simple present tense is the same
as the base (dictionary) form of the verb with
all Subjects except
3rd person singular (pronouns or nouns referring
to a 3rd party) e.g.
I read regularly
we read regularly
you read regularly
you read regularly
she reads regularly
they read regularly
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the verb “to be”
Subject be form
I
am
hungry
you
she
we
you
they
are
is
are
are
are
hungry
hungry
hungry
hungry
hungry
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the simple present tense is
used when the event expressed
by the verb is:
•habitual, e.g. I walk to work every day.
•timeless, e.g. The sun rises in the east.
•typical, e.g. He lives in Singapore.
I like sweets.
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certain kinds of con/texts also use this form:
•sports commentary, e.g.
He shoots! He scores!
It’s a goal!
•newspaper headlines, e.g. Minister quits job.
•dramatic recounts, e.g.
I creep forward and a
cat rushes out.
•stage directions, e.g. Curtain rises. Chorus
enters from stage left.
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a future event may be expressed using
the simple present tense on condition
that some other element in the sentence
shows that the event lies in the future,
e.g.
•I begin work next week.
•When she rings I’ ll answer.
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the present continuous tense consists of:
be
+
V-ing
1. the present tense of the verb be as
auxiliary
2. the -ing form of the lexical verb e.g. writing
I am reading a good book at the moment.
(You are reading…She is reading…)
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the event is in progress
the event expressed by the lexical verb must
belong to the category – doing or saying e.g.
They’re watching the clock.
She’s studying grammar this term.
but not
* She is knowing all about grammar.
* She is being hungry
* He is having black hair
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as with the simple present tense, a future event
may be expressed using the present
continuous tense on condition that some
other element in the sentence shows that the
event lies in the future, e.g.
We’re visiting Sentosa in the holidays.
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1. simple past tense consists of:
the base form
+
-ed (for regular verbs)
e.g. They walked to school.
meaning: the event
i) is completed or
ii) was habitual in the past11
2. past continuous
be (past)
+
tense consists of:
V-ing (pres. part.)
e.g. They were walking to school
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e.g. They were walking to school when they
saw an accident.
※
※
past
walk
saw
now
meaning: a past event is related
to some other event that also
occurred around this time.
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the present perfect tense is formed by:
have (pres.) + V-ed (past participle)
e.g. I have/ she has been ill
since last Saturday.
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I have / she has lived in Singapore since 1990
※
1990
※
NOW
meaning: an event which began in the past
continues into the present
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formed by:
have (pres.) + been + V-ing (pres. part.)
e.g. He has been living in Singapore for one year
some verbs do not occur in the present perfect
continuous (only in the present perfect), i.e.
sensing verbs and verbs of being /having (poss.)
e.g.
I have been knowing her for a long time.
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I have been having a cat for two weeks.
I have been waiting for two hours.
※
6 p.m.
※
now (8 p.m.)
meaning: the event began in the past and
is not necessarily complete, i.e. it may
continue into the present.
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formed by:
had +
V-ed (past participle)
e.g. By 8.45 everyone had arrived so the
class began.
distant past
arrive
past
begin
present
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When she had finished she poured herself a
drink.
※
more distant past
finish
※
past
pour
※
present
meaning: a past event is related
to an event that occurred even
earlier in the past.
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formed by:
had
been
V-ing (pres. part.)
e.g. He had been living in Singapore
before he moved to Hong Kong.
distant past
living
past
moved
present
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It began to rain after I had been walking for an hour
※
※
period in the past
walk
past event
※
present
begin
meaning: a past event is related to
an earlier event which continued
for some time.
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the forms of tenses
present tense past tense
-s
-ed
pres.part
past. part
-ing
-ed
pres. part
works
worked
is
was
has
had
has
had
working
working
worked
worked
been
working
been
working
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meaning of the tenses
tense
simple
present
event is usual -s
continuous event is currently ongoing:
is V-ing
perfect
event began in the past &
continues presently:
has -ed
perfect
event began in the past and
continuous is not necessarily complete;
i.e. it may continue into the
present: has been V-ing
past
event is completed -ed
event is ongoing in the
past: was V-ing
event is related to an
even earlier past event:
had -ed
event is related to an
earlier event which
went on for some time:
had been V-ing
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• sequences of tenses:
We had a police force whose duty is to
protect us.
We have a police force whose duty is to
protect us.
OR
We had a police force whose duty was to
protect us.
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• using have in the continuous (present or
past)
e.g. *She’s having a cold.
*They were having lots of money.
She has a cold.
They had lots of money.
Generally speaking, continuous tenses
are not permitted with verbs of
being (including have =possess)
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• using past perfect tense where no
earlier event in the past is implied,
e.g. I had read that book years ago.
When no event earlier in the
past is relevant, then the simple
past tense should be used, i.e.
I read that book years ago.
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Greenbaum & Quirk, pp.47-69
Rediscover Grammar by David Crystal
London: Longman. (nd.) pp.76-83
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1. complete summary sheet (p.7)
2. complete Unit 5 (p.21 ff)
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simple present
• Ships regularly cross the Atlantic.
•The unsinkable sinks!
•The tale of the Titanic is one that never ceases
to fascinate.
•If it becomes at all doubtful…
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simple past
• The White Star liner Titanic…set out
from…
•…it was normal for ships to travel at
full speed…
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past continuous
• …he was trying to send messages to
the wireless station in
Newfoundland…
•Frederick Fleet was looking from the
crow’s nest when he saw something…
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exercise (c)
had been excited
They was
past perfect
were excited
no S-V concord They were
simple past
(completed event)
S-V concord
have arrived
present perfect arrived
simple past
(completed event)
had .. been able
to
past perfect
continuous
simple past
they fish
simple present they fished simple past
(completed event)
were..able to
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exercise (c)
must dig
present + obligation had to dig
past + obligation
give
simple present
gave
simple past
they thanks
simple present
they thanked simple past
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ways of telling about the future:
•
•
•
•
will + infinitive (‘simple future’)
going to + infinitive
about to + infinitive
expressions of time (adverbials)
used with present tense
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• to plan or predict events
• to make offers (inclination)
• to make suggestions (inclination)
• for emphasis (determination)
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infinitive = (to+) the base form of the lexical verb
e.g. The class will finish soon.
The class’ll finish soon.
I shall wait for you / I’ll wait for you
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present continuous form of go
+
infinitive form of lexical verb
this form is typically used
for events that are
imminent:
e.g.We’re going to crash!
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However, it may be used with a distant
event on condition that an adverbial
expression of time is added, e.g.
He’s going to be a train
driver when he grows up.
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expresses immediacy, i.e. an event that
is on the point of happening, e.g.
The plane is about to leave.
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• time adverbial + simple
present tense,
e.g. I begin my holiday
tomorrow.
•time adverbial + present continuous,
e.g. I am beginning my holiday tomorrow.
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forms of the future tense
future will / be going to
•
•
will take
be going / about to take
continuous
will + be + V -ing
is going to + V-ing
•
•
will be taking
is going to be taking
•perfect
•will have + V-ed
•is going to have + V-ed
•
•
will have taken
is going to have taken
perfect contin.
will have been + V-ing
is going to have been + V-ing
•
•
will have been taking;
is going to have been taking
simple
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meaning of the future forms
form
simple * will work
* be going to
continuous
•will be working
•is going to be working
perfect
•will have worked
•is going to have worked
perfect contin
•is going to have been
working
meaning
•announce plans /predictions;
•future fulfillment of present
intention or cause
future fulfillment of present
intention or cause
the past viewed from a future
perspective
the past viewed from a
perspective of filfillment in the
future
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• Use of would instead of will to
express future:
e.g. A meeting is planned for
tomorrow.
It would begin at 10 a.m. 
It will begin at 10 a.m. 
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forms of the tenses
simple
present
-s
past
-ed
future
will / be going to
works
worked
will work
continuous
is working was working
be + V-ing
perfect
has worked had worked
have + V-ed
perfect
has been
had been
contin.
working
working
have + be + Ving
•will be working
•is going to work
•will have worked
•is going to have..
•will have been
working;
•is going to have
been working
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Dear Guests,
During the Lunar New Year period from 4th-7th
February we would be showing movies on the Big
Screen in the lobby. Please refer to the front
desk for the movies and screening times. Tea,
coffee and soft drinks would be served.
The café and restaurant would operate on the
following days: Friday 4th Feb: 7.00am-3.00pm
Saturday 5th Feb: closed
As both café and restaurant would be closed in
the evenings may we invite you to join us for a
meal in the lobby.
Yours sincerely
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tense usage in the extract from Kate Atkinson’s
Behind the Scenes at the Museum
simple present
simple future
future
continuous
1 goes, fades, are
left, lie
conditional
would happen,
would recognise
2 reappears, puts,
pins, sleeps
3 are, sails, hangs
will creep, will suck
4 spatters, am, is,
takes, spend
will disappear
going to wake,
will be extinguished going to save,
going to take
key:
facts;
possibilities;
fears;
hopes
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• Customer:
Waiter, there's only one piece of
meat on my plate.
• Waiter:
Just a minute, Sir.
I’m going to cut it in two.
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• Patient: Doctor, help me. My heart is
beating very fast and I feel terrible.
I think I’m going to die.
• Doctor: Nonsense. That's the last thing
you'll do.
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Two fish were swimming together in a river.
• Fish A: Look, it's starting to rain.
• Fish B: Quick. Let's swim under the bridge,
or we’ll get wet.
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