Transcript Intro to TG
ENGLISH SYNTAX Introduction to Transformational Grammar Overview Four Structures & Classification of Sentence There are four types of syntatic structure: Structures of modification consist of two immediate constituents, a head and a modifier. The head may be any of the parts of speech, certain function words, or any of the four structures. The modifier may be any of the four parts of speech, a prepositional phrase, or various other structures, including the included clause. a) MH HM Structure of predication consist of two immidiate constituents a subject and a predicate. The predicate consists of a verb alone, or some structure in which a verb is prominent, such as verb heanded structure of modification, a structure of complementation, or a structure of coordination whose constituents are verbs or verb-headed structure. S P V b) c) Structure of complementation consist of two immediate constituents, a verbal elelment and a complement. The verbal element may be a simple verb or one of variuos kinds of verb-headed structures. Verbal elements are classified as linking, intransitive, and transitive. Intransitive verbal elements may be predicates, but they do not appear in structures of complementation . Complements appearing with linking verbs are subjective complements; they may be any of the four parts of speech, prepositional phrases, or more complex structures, up to included clauses. Verbal element C compliment d) Structures of coordination have two or more immediate constituents, which are syntactically equivalent units joined in a structure which functions as a single unit. coordinator There are three kinds of sentences classified according to position in conversation: a) A situation-sentence is one that begins a conversation. it may also follow a call, greeting, exclamation, or the stereotyped response to one of these. b) A sequence-sentence is one that continues a conversation without change of speaker. A series of sequence-sentences constitutes continuous discourse. c) A response-sentence is one that continues a conversation with a change of speaker. ENGLISH SYNTAX Introduction to Transformational Grammar (Noah Chomsky) Basic Principal of TG • Transformational Generative Grammar or TGG (sometime abbreviate as TG) is a theory, initiated by Noah Chomsky, of a process of how language created by human from the brain to spoken or written form. • From this point emerged the terms of what so called as Deep Structure and Surface Structure Deep and Surface Structure • Deep structure would contain all the units and relationships that are necessary for interpreting the meaning of the sentence. • Surface structure is the structure of the sentence as it is pronounced or written Deep and Surface Structure • Deep structure is the process occurred in human brain or mind. It is an abstract process that associated to human intention to create certain expressions or sentences. • Surface structure is the form of language or sentence that as the result of deep structure. Deep and Surface Structure • How the process from a deep structure to become a surface structure that would need a process called “generate” or generative. • Here Chomsky stated his theory by using “tree diagram” to formulate or generate from the deep structure (DS) to surface structure (SS). • To formulate or generate DS SS needs Phrase Structure Rules (PSR) Phrase Structure Rules (PSR) Example of PSR S (Sentence) NP Aux VP Aux T M (T= Tense; M=Modal) M will, can, may, must … T Present Past NP Det. Adj. P (N Pron.) VP V NP PP PP P NP Generating DS SS Example: S : My Sister will study English in Jakarta PSR: S NP Aux VP Aux T M M will T Present NP Det N VP V NP PP PP P NP DS SS ? Generating DS SS S : My Sister will study English in Jakarta DS: S NP Aux Det N T My Sister Pres M Will VP V NP PP Study English P NP in Jakarta Surface Structure Generating DS SS • Three Branches tree diagram (like the example above) S NP Aux VP • Two Branches tree diagram (the simple way) S NP VP Generating DS SS Exercise: He brought a lady Generate with two branches tree diagram PSR: (in detail) S NP VP NP Pron. VP V NP NP art N DS SS ? Generating DS SS DS: S VP NP Pron DS He V brought NP art a N lady Deep and Surface Structure Exercise Generate the sentences by using two branches tree diagram! • The new book looks expensive • The passengers get tired of waiting Generating DS SS • The new book looks expensive Generate with two branches tree diagram PSR: (in detail) S NP VP NP Det. NP NP adj. N VP V adj.P DS SS ? Generating DS SS S: The new book looks expensive DS: S NP Det The VP V NP adj N new book looks adjP expensive Generating DS SS • The passengers get tired of waiting Generate with two branches tree diagram PSR: (in detail) S NP VP NP art. NP VP V Adj.P Adj.P Adj. PP PP P V DS SS ? Generating DS SS S: The passengers get tired of waiting DS: S NP art The VP N passengers adjP V get PP adj tired P of V waiting