Transcript A defining relative clause

UNIT 5
Australia
By Diliff. C. Common
Relative clauses
A defining relative clause:
- is part of a sentence
- is necessary information
- describes the noun that comes just before it
The relative pronoun can be omitted when it is the object of the
relative clause; if it is the subject, it is necessary.
Relative pronouns in defining clauses:
who/which/that/whom/whose/where/when
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A non-defining relative clause:
- gives additional, not essential information
- does not help to identify the thing or the person
- is put in commas
The relative pronoun cannot be omitted
Relative pronouns in non-defining clauses:
who/which/whose/where/when
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Compound words
• Compound nouns in English are written as separate words, others are
written together, and others are joined by a hyphen. However, all of them
are formed by two words working as a single noun.
They can be formed by different combinations of words, for example:
noun + noun- toothbrush
adjective + noun - wildlife
verb + noun - shopping list
noun + preposition - passer-by
noun + verb - haircut
• A single adjective made up of two or more words is called a
compound adjective. The words in a compound adjective can be linked
together by a hyphen (or hyphens) to show they are part of the same
adjective.
Adjective or adverb + past participle is one of the most common
patterns. For example: cold-blooded, open-minded, old-fashioned, well-behaved.
Other common patterns for compound adjectives include:
noun + past participle: air-conditioned, handmade, tongue-tied
noun + adjective: world-famous, duty-free, homesick
adj + noun: part-time, full-length, second-hand
number + noun: two-door, seven-year, forty-mile
Emphatic Structures
We can use emphatic structures to 'point out' or emphasize particular
ideas. Cleft sentences are special constructions which are used to
give emphasis to a particular part of the sentence, by putting
this part of the sentence into a separate clause. Because there are two
parts to the sentence it is called cleft (from the verb cleave) which
means divided into two.
Example: Bill broke the vase → It was Bill who/that broke the vase (It was
Bill, not somebody else)
→ It was the vase that Bill broke (It was the vase, not something else)
This structure is particularly useful in writing where we cannot use
intonation for purposes of focus or emphasis, but it is also frequently
used in speech.
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There are two common ways of doing this:
A.- Sentences are introduced by: It is/It was ... that ...
B.- Sentences introduced by: What ... is/was ... This structure can be
used to emphasize the subject or object. In these sentences WHAT
means THE THING(S) THAT ...
The Internet Vocabulary
Internet vocabulary is the very first computer basics that you
should become familiar with. Vocabulary is the first phase to give
you the knowledge to be able to communicate in English when you
surf the net or look up any web pages that are only in English
It is sometimes true that many of the ordinary mistakes made
using computers have a lot to do with their Internet vocabulary
and not following instructions, which sometimes are only in
English.
Some basic vocabulary:
address bar, loop, @ (at), password, backup,
public domain, bandwidth,
RAM, ROM, browser, save, bookmark, secure server, check the box,
shopping cart, digital signature, spam, dot com,
store, download,
toolbar, drop down list/menu, updated, FAQ, upload, firewall, user name,
homepage, web page address, link, web site
Writing an opinion essay
An opinion essay is a formal piece of essay writing which
presents the author's point of view on a particular subject
supported by reasons and examples. The writer tries to
convince the readers that his/her point of view is correct.
A successful opinion essay should have:
♦ The introduction (a topic sentence) where the topic and the
author's opinion are stated clearly.
♦ The main body where viewpoints supported by reasons are
presented in several paragraphs.
♦ The conclusion where the main points of the essay are
summarized and the author's opinion is restated in other
words. It can offer a solution or recommendation.