Transcript AD20-Unit18-Trend

Unit 18 - Trends
TSIM Kam Wan
Part A - Futurist
• World Future Society
http://www.wfs.org
• Top 10 Forecasts from Outlook 2004
http://www.wfs.org/forecasts.htm
Part A
Top 10 Forecasts from Outlook 2004
Each year since 1985, the editors of THE
FUTURIST have selected the most thoughtprovoking ideas and forecasts appearing in
the magazine. Over the years, Outlook has
spotlighted the emergence of such epochal
developments as the Internet, virtual reality,
and the end of the Cold War.
• 1. Genetically modified crops may surpass
natural crops in acreage planted by 2020.
Crops could be 100% genetically modified by the
end of the twenty-first century, according to some
optimistic experts. —Molitor, Sep-Oct 2003, p. 42
• 2. Two-thirds of the world's population will
be chronically short of water by 2050.
"Water wars" are now imminent in places like
Kashmir, where Pakistan's water supply is
controlled by India. —Cetron and Davies, JanFeb 2003, p. 40
• 3. How do you walk? Security people will
be watching. Your unique swagger, stagger,
or shuffle will speak volumes. "Gait
analysis" could soon join fingerprinting and
retina scans in the identification technology
toolbox. —Jan-Feb 2003, p. 6
• 4. Voters are vanishing worldwide.
Voter turnouts have dropped in established
democracies, with record lows in the United
Kingdom (59% in the 2001 parliamentary
elections) and the United States (51% in the 2000
presidential election). Some countries, such as
Australia, Singapore, and Belgium, have made
voting compulsory, helping boost participation
rates to above 90%. —Nov-Dec 2002, p. 6
• 5. Earthquakes will become deadlier.
These future deadly earthquakes won't be
more powerful, but they will kill more
people simply because there will be more
people to kill, particularly in the world's
largest cities. Half the world's megacities,
with multimillion populations, are located
near potential magnitude 7.5
earthquakes. —Futurist Update, June 2003
• 6. We may be able to engineer longer lives for
ourselves.
Genetic engineering can double a worm’s life
span. Mice are living 50% longer with the help of
genetic inventions. Thanks to the human genome
project, scientists are closer to identifying ways to
decelerate human aging. —Magalh’s, Mar-Apr
2003, p. 49
• 7. Polar bears extinct by the year 2100?
Global warming is melting polar bears’ Arctic
hunting grounds and threatens to prevent new ice
from freezing. If the trend continues, polar bears
could starve off in the next 100 years. —July-Aug
2003, p. 6
• 8. More Americans will go it alone.
People in their prime family-forming years are
opting out of family life. Since 1970, the
proportion of 25- to 34-year olds who live
alone rose from 4% to 10%. The proportion of
35- to 44-year-olds living alone rose from 3%
to 9% in that time. If these trends continue,
look for more solo-living in the future. —JulyAug 2003, p. 13
• 9. Physicians may soon have ways to help
paralyzed people move their limbs by
bypassing the damaged nerves that once
controlled their muscles.
Researchers are already able to get rats to do
things by stimulating the pleasure centers in the
rats' brains. —Nov-Dec 2002, p. 45
• 10. You may be wearing your power on
your sleeve.
Fabrics containing flexible solar cells may
soon be possible as researchers overcome
obstacles such as losing current when fabrics
are bent. Solar textiles could one day be used
to provide clothing for emergency workers
or as solar-powered carpets for tents in
refugee camps. —Sep-Oct 2003, p. 2
Forecast
Top Ten Forecast
2004
World Future Society
Futurist
Environment Environment
Society
Society
Environment
Science
Environment
Society
Science
Society
Farming Industry Geological System
Security System
Gait Analysis
Political System
Less voters
Less demoncracy?
Geological System
Earthquake
Medical field
Genetic enginerring
Animals Kingdom
Polar bears
Social system
Lifestyle
Medical field
Limb can move
More death?
Longer life?
Extincts?
Secruity system
Solar textile
More protection?
Crop-modified gene
More food?
More population
Water shortage? More security?
More single? Less disable?
Part A
Task 1 - Reading & Speaking
Critical thinking - Questions
1. What are the top 10 forecast from Outlook 2005
2. Which one of the top 10 forecast from Outlook
2005 you believe will be seen?
3. What factors supported your belief of this
forecast?
4. Do you have some predictions about life in the
future in Hong Kong.
5. What tips/advice you can give to help us survive
the 21st century.
(Please choose one out of ten forecast to do your
research and write a 5 minutes speech)
Part A
Task 2 - Reading and Speaking
• Please read carefully the topic sentences taken from
the article “Growing trend” – (Reading and
Speaking (1), page 78) Discuss whether enough
examples are given and find the sum up sentence for
each paragraph.
• Match each suggestion for all four predictions to
help you survive the 21st century and brainstorm
more suggestions for (Reading and Speaking (3),
page 78.)
Part A
Task 2 - Reading and Speaking
Growing Trends
P78-79
Growing Trends
Population
Environment
Technology
Warmer World
More computer
Developing country
Population explosion
Developed country:
Less population
Elder increase
Society
Unsafe to wa
at night
Part B - Grammar - Future
(Structure)
Simple future tense
He will study English tomorrow.
Future continuous tense
He will be studying English at this
time tomorrow.
Future perfect tense
He will have studied English before
he goes to Britain.
Future perfect continuous He will have been studying English
tense
for three years by 2001.
Part B - Grammar
Future - Time
Simple
Future:
Future
Continuous
The simple future tense is used
to describe an event that is
about to take place in the near
future
The future continuous tense is
used to describe an event that is
likely to be going on some time
in the future.
• It will be a sunny
morning tomorrow
• I shall be staying in
Singapore till next
Sunday.
Future
Perfect
The future perfect tense is used • I shall have
to describe an event that is likely
completed the site
to be over some time in future.
seeing by Tuesday.
Future
Perfect
Continuous
The future perfect continuous
• By the time you
tense is used to indicate an event
appear for your find
that is continuing till its end
test, you will have
some time in future.
been studying for
three months.
Part B - Grammar
Future Tense
Condition
No Plan
Prediction
Plan
Use the simple future tense
when there is no plan or
decision to do something
before we speak. We make
the decision spontaneously
at the time of speaking.
We often use the simple
future tense to make a
prediction about the future.
There is no firm plan. We
are saying what we think
will happen.
We can use the simple
future tense even if we have
a firm plan or decision
before speaking.
Examples
•Hold on. I'll get a pen.
•We will see what we can do to
help you.
•Maybe we'll stay in and
watch television tonight.
•It will rain tomorrow.
•People won't go to Jupiter
before the 22nd century.
•Who do you think will get the
job?
•I'll be in London tomorrow.
•I'm going shopping. I won't
be very long.
•Will you be at work
tomorrow?
Part B – Grammar Future Continuous Tense
Past
Future
Now
Condition
Things in
progress
Hints to
ask for
favour
Routine
Time
Use the future progressive
with will or be going to to
talk about actions that will
be in progress at a specific
time in the future.
Use the future progressive to
hint that you would like
someone to do you a favour.
Use to talk about something
which is already planned or
is part of routine.
If the sentence has a time
clause, use present, not
future, in the time clause.
Examples
• I’ ll be taking the Bullet Train
tomorrow afternoon.
• I’m going to be taking the Bullet
Train tomorrow afternoon.
A: Will you be going by the post
office tomorrow?
B: I plan to. Why? Do you need
stamps?
A: If you remember, could you buy
some for me?
• In the 21st century most families
will be using computer in the
home.
• I’ ll be working in the kitchen
while the robot cleans the office.
• I’ ll be working in the kitchen
while the robot will clean the
Part B - Grammar - Future Perfect
Condition
Action
Completed
and Result
emphasis.
Example
Use the future perfect to
talk about a future action
that will already be
completed by a certain
time in the future.
We often use already and
yet with the future perfect
to emphasize which event
takes place first
Past
By June, he’ ll have paid his
debt.
•By the time he graduates,
he’ll have already saved
$1,000.
•By the time he graduates, he
won’t have saved $1,000 yet.
Future
Now
Part B – Grammar
Future Perfect Continuous
Condition
Example
Expection Use the future perfect
progressive to take about
an action that will still be
in progress at a certain
time in the future. The
action may have already
started, or it may start
sometime in the future.
Past
Future
•
•
They’re going to move into
their new apartment next
month. By 2001, they will
have been living in their
apartment for ten years.
They moved to Chicago five
years ago. By 2001 they will
have been living there for
fifteen years.
Past
Future
Part B - Grammar
Future Perfect Continuous
Condition
Comparing
two events
Examples
Use the future perfect or • By the time you arrive, I will
the future perfect
have finished dinner.
progressive with the
simple present tense to
• By the time you will arrive, I
show the relationship
will have finished dinner.
between two future
events. The event that
will talk place first uses
the perfect. The event
that will talk place
second uses the simple
present tense.
I finish dinner
You arrive
Part B–Task 1–Grammar–Future
Multiple Choice
1.
A: Do you think Mary should take the TOEFL this
spring?
B: Sure. The test is in June. By that time, he
(a) ’ll prepare
(b) prepared
(c) ’s prepared
(d) ’ll have been preparing
for more than six months.
Part B–Task 1–Grammar–Future
Multiple Choice
2.
A: My mother loves Jack Francis novels. She’s
afraid she’ll finish them all and there won’t be
any more for her to read.
B: Impossible. Francis writes fast. By the time
your mother (a) ’ll have read
(b) ‘ll have
been reading
(c) reads
(d) read this
one, he
(a) ‘ll have written (b) ‘ll have
been writing (c) wrote
(d) writes two
more.
Part B–Task 1–Grammar–Future
Multiple Choice
3.
A: The conductor just told me we’re going to be
delayed there in Boston for about an hour.
B: I’ll go call Anna and tell her not to pick us up
until six.
A: Too late. By the time you find a telephone,
she (a) ‘ll have left
(b) ‘ll leave
(c ) ‘ll have been leaving
(d) left for the
train station.
Part B–Task 1–Grammar–Future
Multiple Choice
4
A: When we get there, let’s take Anna out to
dinner.
B: Good idea. She
(a) waited
(b) ‘ll wait
(c) ‘ll have been waiting
( d) waits
for us for over an hour.
Part B-Task 2 (page 79)
1. ______________ to the energy conference next week?
2. This time next week I’ ___________ to Switzerland.
3. I can’t give you the report on Sunday because I
_________________ it by then.
4. It’s after six o’clock so he ________________ work
by now.
5. He didn’t sleep last night. If he doesn’t sleep tonight,
he _____________ for two nights.
6. When I am going to bed in London, they
_____________ up in Australia.
Part B-Task 2 (page 79)
1. Will you be going to the energy conference next
week?
2. This time next week I’ll be flying to Switzerland.
3. I can’t give you the report on Sunday because I
won’t have finished it by then.
4. It’s after six o’clock so he will have finished work
by now.
5. He didn’t sleep last night. If he doesn’t sleep tonight,
he won’t have slept for two nights.
6. When I am going to bed in London, they will be
getting up in Australia.
Part C – Sound - Word Stress
In every word in English, there is one main
emphasized syllable. The vowel sound in this
syllable sounds higher in pitch, longer, and
louder, and this is called stress.
Word type
Nouns
Where is the stress?
Examples
on the first syllable
center
object
flower
on the last syllable
release
admit
arrange
on the first part
desktop
pencil case
bookshelf
greenhouse
Two
syllables
Verbs
Nouns
(N + N)
(Adj. + N)
Compound
Adjectives
(Adj. + P.P.)
Verbs
(prep. + verb)
on the last part (the
verb part)
well-meant
hard-headed
old-fashioned
understand
overlook
outperform
Word type
Phrasal Verbs
Where is the
stress?
Examples
on the particle
turn off
buckle up
hand out
-ic
the syllable before
the ending
Word
with
added
ending
economic
geometric
electrical
-tion, -cian, sion
technician
graduation
cohesion
-phy, -gy, -try,
-cy, -fy, -al
photography
biology
geometry
the third from the
last syllable
-meter
parameter
thermometer
barometer
Part C – Sound
Sounds – Word Stress – p81 (1)
underline the stressed syllable
Verb
Noun
To preside
To oppose
To record
To analyse
To constitute
To explain
To examine
To economise
The president
The opposition
The record
The analysis
The constituency
The explanation
The examination
economic
Part C – Sound
Sounds – Word Stress – p81 (1)
underline the stressed syllable
Verb
Noun
To preside
To oppose
To record
To analyse
To constitute
To explain
To examine
To economise
The president
The opposition
The record
The analysis
The constituency
The explanation
The examination
economic
Part C – Sound
Stress and Non-Stress Words
Pronouncing every word correctly leads to
poor pronunciation! Good pronunciation
comes from stressing the right words - this is
because English is a time-stressed language.
English pronunciation focuses on specific
stressed words while quickly gliding over the
other, non-stressed, words.
Part C – Sound
Stressed words - content words
1.Nouns e.g. kitchen, Peter - (most)
2.Principle verbs e.g. visit, construct
3.Adjectives e.g. beautiful, interesting
4.Adverbs e.g. often, carefully
Part C – Sound
Non-stressed words - function words
1.Determiners e.g. the, a –
2.Auxiliary verbs e.g. am, were –
3.Prepositions e.g. before, of –
4.Conjunctions e.g. but, and –
5.Pronouns e.g. they, she
Example
The beautiful Mountain appeared transfixed in the distance.
• The (determiner)
• beautiful (adj)
• Mountain(noun)
• appeared (pp=adj)
• Transfixed(principle verb)
• in (preposition)
• the (determiner)
• distance (noun).
• in the distance (prepositional phrase)
The(N) beautiful(S) Mountain(S) appeared(S) transfixed(S) in(N) the(N)
distance(N).
Symbol:Stressed words: S
Adjectives : adj
Present Participle: PP
Pronoun: Pron
Determiner: D
Preposition: Prep
Relative Pronoun: RP
Adverb: Adv
Non-stressed words : N
Noun: n
Past Participle: PaP
Auxiliary verb: Aux
Verb: V
Infinitive: Inf
Conjunction: Conj
Plural: pl
Task 1 – Sentence Stress
Circle the content words and draw the line to show
up and down of which words need to stress
• In the 21st century we will almost certainly be
living in a warmer world.
• The world will continue to use fossil fuels
which release carbon dioxide, the main cause
of global warming.
• Damage done to the ozone layer by man-made
chemicals will mean that our children will
have an increased risk of developing skin
cancer.
• We will be living in a world with less energy
available and we will be forced to reduce our
energy consumption.
Task 1 – Sentence Stress
• In the 21st century we will almost certainly be
living in a warmer world.
Task 1 – Sentence Stress
• In the 21st century we will almost certainly be
living in a warmer world.
• The world will continue to use fossil fuels
which release carbon dioxide, the main cause
of global warming.
• Damage done to the ozone layer by manmade chemicals will mean that our children
will have an increased risk of developing skin
cancer.
• We will be living in a world with less energy
available and we will be forced to reduce our
energy consumption.
Part D - Vocabulary
1. The main party in power forms the __________________.
2. A _________ is an election about a specific policy of the
government.
3. A ____________ is an opportunity for voters to elect a new
government.
4. The ________ is the district or region which an MP
represents.
5. The ______________ is the head of government.
6. A ___________ is someone who is elected to the city or local
government.
7. The _____________ is the group of people elected to make
or change laws.
8. A___________ is the head of the city or local government.
9. In an election you ___the person you want to represent your
constituency.
10.In a country’s parliament, the _____refers to the politician
who are not in government.
Part D - Vocabulary
1. The main party in power forms the government.
2. A referendum is an election about a specific policy of the
government.
3. A general election is an opportunity for voters to elect a new
government.
4. The constituency is the district or region which an MP
represents.
5. The prime minister is the head of government.
6. A councillor is someone who is elected to the city or local
government.
7. The assembly/senate is the group of people elected to make
or change laws.
8. A mayor is the head of the city or local government.
9. In an election you elect the person you want to represent
your constituency.
10.In a country’s parliament, the opposition refers to the
politician who are not in government.