Transcript - Grace Bible Church

Evgw, eivmi to; A[lfa
Beginning Greek for
Bible Study
Class #7
Verbs
kai; to; w=
Exegetical Example
No one who abides in Him sins; no one who sins has seen
Him or knows Him.
pa/j o` evn auvtw/| me,nwn ouvc a`marta,nei\ pa/j o` a`marta,nwn ouvc e`w,raken auvto.n
ouvde. e;gnwken auvto,nÅ
Little children, make sure no one deceives you; the one who
practices righteousness is righteous, just as He is
righteous;
Tekni,a( mhdei.j plana,tw u`ma/j\ o` poiw/n th.n dikaiosu,nhn di,kaio,j evstin( kaqw.j
evkei/noj di,kaio,j evstin\
Exegetical Example
he one who practices sin is aof the devil; for the devil 1has
sinned from the beginning. bThe Son of God cappeared for
this purpose, dto destroy the works of the devil.
o` poiw/n th.n a`marti,an evk tou/ diabo,lou evsti,n( o[ti avpV avrch/j o` dia,boloj
a`marta,neiÅ eivj tou/to evfanerw,qh o` ui`o.j tou/ qeou/( i[na lu,sh| ta. e;rga tou/
diabo,louÅ
No one who is 1aborn of God bpractices sin, because His seed
abides in him; and he cannot sin, because he is 1born of
God.
Pa/j o` gegennhme,noj evk tou/ qeou/ a`marti,an ouv poiei/( o[ti spe,rma auvtou/ evn
auvtw/| me,nei( kai. ouv du,natai a`marta,nein( o[ti evk tou/ qeou/ gege,nnhtaiÅ
Introduction to Greek Verbs
Greek Verbs have:





Tense – indicates the “type” of action, and
sometimes the time as well
Voice – how the action affects the subject
Mood – the action’s relationship to reality
Person – who is the subject
Number – is the subject one or more people
Agreement – verbs must agree with its
subject in person and number
A Basic Verb Chart
Person &
Number
1st singular
Greek
Translation
avkou,w
I hear
2nd singular
avkou,eij
You hear
3rd singular
avkou,ei
1st plural
avkou,omen
He/she/it
hears
We hear
2nd plural
avkou,ete
You hear
3rd plural
avkou,ousi
They hear
Verbal Aspect
Aspect is perhaps the most difficult
concept to understand with Greek verbs.
Aspect refers to the type of action a verb is
describing
Unlike English, Greek is primarily
interested in the type of action, and only
secondarily, the time of the action
In Greek, the tense of a verb primarily
reveals the type of action, and only
sometimes, the time of the action
Verbal Aspect
There are three aspects:



Undefined (external) – this type of verb simply
states the action, without any further
indication about the type of action
Continuous (internal) – this type of verb
means that the action is an ongoing process
Perfective – this type of verb means that the
action has been completed in the past but has
effects that carry into the present
Lexical (dictionary) Forms
In English, if you look up a verb in a
dictionary, it is given in the infinitive form:
“to run,” “to speak,” “to clean.”
In Greek, the dictionary (lexical) form is
the first person singular, present indicative:


avkou,w – “I hear”
le,gw – “I say”
Numbering Systems
Over the years, scholars have assigned
numbers to Greek words. These numbers make
it easy to look up Greek words, even for people
who don’t know Greek.
The most common numbering system was
developed by James Strong. They are known
as “Strong’s numbers.”
Because Dr. Strong did not number every Greek
word, a new numbering system was recently
developed by Ed Goodrick and John
Kohlenberger. This system is known as the GK
numbering system.
Numbering Systems
Our textbook uses the GK system, as well
as Dr. Mounce’s Interlinear for the Rest of
Us.
However, the most common numbering
system that the vast majority of books and
resources use, is the Strong’s System.
We’ll talk about how to use the numbering
systems to look up words next time.
Active and Passive Voice
Person &
Number
Greek
Active
Translation
Greek
Passive
Translation
1st singular
lu,w
I loose
lu,omai
I am loosed
2nd singular
lu,eij
You loose
lu,h|
You are loosed
3rd singular
lu,ei
He/she/it
looses
lu,etai
He/she/it is
loosed
1st plural
lu,omen
We loose
lu,omeqa
We are loosed
2nd plural
lu,ete
You loose
lu,esqe
You are loosed
3rd plural
lu,ousi(n)
They loose
lu,ontai
They are
loosed
Deponent Verbs
Sometimes, a Greek verb will have a
passive form, but will be active in
meaning. These are called deponent
verbs.
Identifying a deponent verb is fairly easy.
Deponent verbs end in omai
Middle Voice
Unlike English, Greek also has a Middle voice.
The middle voice indicates that the action of the
verb in some way concerns the subject.



Jesus answered nothing [in his defense].
Mary has chosen [for herself] the good part.
He (Ananias) kept back [for himself] some of the
price.
Often, the forms for the passive and middle
voices are identical, so context must dictate
which voice is meant.
Most middle voice verbs are deponents (75%)
Subjects and Verbs
A Greek sentence does not require an
expressed subject, since the subject can
often be “built into” the verb. For example:


evgw. le,gw = “I say”
le,gw = “I say”
Greek also can drop the direct object if it
has already been expressed
The Present Indicative
The present indicative verb describes an
action that generally occurs in the present
from the speaker/writer’s point of view



Tense = present, indicating continuous or
undefined action. The present tense usually
(but not always) indicates action occurring at
the present time.
Mood – indicative, or a statement of fact
Voice – in the present tense, the middle and
passive voice forms are identical
Uses of the Present Indicative
Immediate action (instantaneous)

My son, your sins are forgiven (Mark 2:5)
Ongoing action (progressive)

For if I am praying in a tongue, my spirit is
praying (1 Cor. 14:14)
Repeated action (iterative)

For often he falls into the fire (Matt. 17:15)
Regular action (habitual)

I fast twice a week (Luke 18:12)
Uses of the Present Indicative
A timeless fact (gnomic)

God loves a cheerful giver (2 Cor. 9:7)
Past action (dramatic)

The next day, he saw Jesus coming toward
him (John 1:29)
Future action (futuristic)

Yes, I am coming quickly (Rev. 22:20)
The Future Indicative
The future indicative describes action that
will occur in the future.
In English, we simply add a helping verb to
create the future (“will” or “shall”).
In Greek, a different form of the word is
used.
Uses of the Future Indicative
Predictive (something that will happen in
the future)

He who began a good work in you will bring it
to completion (Phil. 1:6)
Command (imperative)

You shall love the Lord your God (Matt. 22:37)
Gnomic (a generic event will occur)

Man shall not live on bread alone (Matt. 4:4)
The Past Tenses
Aorist – undefined action that normally
occurs in the past
Imperfect – continuous action that
normally occurs in the past
The Past Tenses
Unlike the Present tense, which can refer
either to continuous or undefined action,
the Imperfect always refers to continuous
action, and the Aorist always indicates
undefined action
Both the Aorist and Imperfect tenses
usually refer to past action, but not always.
Remember, time is secondary!
Uses of the Imperfect Tense
Ongoing action that happened in the past
(Progressive)

He was teaching his disciples (Mark 9:31)
Emphasize the beginning of the action
(Inceptive)

Angels came and began to minister to him
(Matt. 4:11)
Repeated action (iterative)

The widow kept coming to the judge (Luke
18:3)
Uses of the Imperfect Tense
Regular action (Customary)

Now at the feast, he used to release for them
any one prisoner (Mark 15:6)
Others: action that one

Wishes to do (Voluntative)
For I could wish that I myself were accursed (Rom.
9:3)

Tries to do (Conative)
But John tried to deter him (Matt. 3:14)

Almost does (Tendential)
Uses of the Aorist Tense
Looks at the action as a whole without further
comment (constative)

He got into the boat and went to the region of
Magadan (Matt. 15:39)
Emphasize beginning (ingressive)

The king was angry (Matt. 22:7)
Timeless truth (gnomic)

The grass withers and the flower falls off (1 Pt. 1:24)
Future (proleptic)

And those whom he justified he also glorified (Rom.
8:30)
The Perfect Indicative
The perfect tense refers to completed
action with present effects.
Uses of the perfect tense:

Emphasize the completion (Consummative)
I have fought the good fight, I have finished the
race (2 Tim. 4:7)

Emphasize the resulting state of the action
(Intensive)
Man, your sins are forgiven you (Luke 5:20)
Homework
Read chapter 19 in Greek for the Rest of
Us (Green book)
Do the exercises at the end of chapter 18
(Greek book)
Catch up and review as needed
Advanced Class
Class #7
More on verbs!
Review of Declensions
1st declension – stem ends in alpha or eta
2nd declension – stem ends in omicron
3rd declension – stem ends in a consonant
The good news: there are only three
declensions!
Declension and Gender
1st and 2nd declension
3rd declension
masc
fem
neut
Masc/fem
neut
Nom sg
j
-
n
j
-
Gen sg
u
j
u
oj
oj
Dat sg
i
i
i
i
i
Acc sg
n
n
n
a/n
-
Declension and Gender
1st and 2nd declension
3rd declension
masc
fem
neut
Masc/fem
neut
Nom pl
i
i
a
ej
a
Gen pl
wn
wn
wn
wn
wn
Dat pl
ij
ij
ij
si(n)
si(n)
Acc pl
uj
j
a
aj
a
The Article
2
Nom sg
Gen sg
Dat sg
Acc sg
Nom pl
Gen pl
Dat pl
Acc pl
1
Masculine Feminine
o`
h`
tou/
th/j
tw|
th|/
to,n
th,n
oi`
ai`
tw/n
tw/n
toi/j
tai/j
tou,j
ta,j
2
neuter
to,
tou/
tw|
to,
ta,
tw/n
toi/j
ta,
The Greek verb
Tense (Present, Imperfect, Future, Aorist,
Perfect)


Tense signifies verbal aspect
Tense sometimes can signify verbal time
Voice (Active, Middle, Passive)
Mood (Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive,
Infinitive, Participle)
Person (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
Number (Singular, Plural)
How to Build a Verb
Stem
Connecting vowel
Personal endings
lu + o + men
Present Active Indicative
Describes an action that normally occurs
in the present, either continuous or
undefined.
Present tense stem + connecting vowel +
primary active personal endings
Present Active Indicative
Person &
Number
Greek
Active
Translation
Connecting
vowel
Personal
ending
1st singular
lu,w
I loose
o
2nd singular
lu,eij
You loose
e
j
3rd singular
lu,ei
He/she/it
looses
e
i
1st plural
lu,omen
We loose
o
men
2nd plural
lu,ete
You loose
e
te
3rd plural
lu,ousi(n)
They loose
o
nsi
Master Verb Chart
Tense
Present
active
Aug/Redup
Tense stem
present
Tense form
Connecting
Vowel
o/e
Personal
Endings
Primary
active
1st sing
paradigm
lu,w
Present Passive Indicative
Person &
Number
Greek
Passive
Translation
Connecting
Vowel
endings
1st
singular
lu,omai
I am loosed
o
mai
2nd
singular
lu,h|
You are loosed
e
sai
3rd
singular
lu,etai
He/she/it is
loosed
e
tai
1st plural
lu,omeqa
We are loosed
o
meqa
2nd plural
lu,esqe
You are loosed
e
sqe
3rd plural
lu,ontai
They are
loosed
o
ntai
Present Middle Indicative
Person &
Number
Greek
Passive
Translation
Connecting
Vowel
endings
1st
singular
lu,omai
I am loosed
o
mai
2nd
singular
lu,h|
You are loosed
e
sai
3rd
singular
lu,etai
He/she/it is
loosed
e
tai
1st plural
lu,omeqa
We are loosed
o
meqa
2nd plural
lu,esqe
You are loosed
e
sqe
3rd plural
lu,ontai
They are
loosed
o
ntai
Master Verb Chart
Tense
Aug/Redup
Tense stem
Tense form
Connecting
Vowel
Personal
Endings
1st sing
paradigm
Present
active
present
o/e
Primary
active
lu,w
Present
middle /
passive
Present
o/e
Primary
middle /
passive
lu,omai
Future Tense
The future tense refers to action that will
take place in the future.
Formation of the future active indicative:
Future active stem + tense formative (s) +
connecting vowel + primary active endings
lu + s + o + men = lu,somen
Future Active Indicative
Person &
Number
Greek
Active
Translation
Tense
formative
Connecting
Vowel
1st
singular
lu,sw
I will loose
s
o
2nd
singular
lu,seij
You will loose
s
e
j
3rd
singular
lu,sei
He/she/it will
loose
s
e
i
1st plural
lu,somen
We will loose
s
o
men
2nd plural
lu,sete
You will loose
s
e
te
3rd plural
lu,sousi
They will loose
s
o
nsi
endings
Future Middle Indicative
Person & Greek Active Translation
Number
Tense
formative
Connecting
Vowel
endings
1st
singular
poreu,somai
I will go
s
o
mai
2nd
singular
poreu,sh|
You will go
s
e
sai
3rd
singular
poreu,setai
He/she/it
will go
s
e
tai
1st plural
poreu,someqa
We will go
s
o
meqa
2nd plural
poreu,sesqe
You will go
s
e
sqe
3rd plural
poreu,sontai
They will
go
s
o
ntai
Future of eivmi, (mid dep)
Person & Greek Active Translation
Number
1st
singular
e;somai
I will be
2nd
singular
e;sh|
You will be
3rd
singular
e;stai
He/she/it
will be
1st plural
evso,meqa
We will be
2nd plural
e;sesqe
You will be
3rd plural
e;sontai
They will
be
Master Verb Chart
Tense
Aug/Redup
Tense stem
Tense form
Connecting
Vowel
Personal
Endings
1st sing
paradigm
Present
active
Present
o/e
Primary
active
lu,w
Present
middle /
passive
Present
o/e
Primary
middle /
passive
lu,omai
Future
active
Future
active
s
o/e
Primary
active
lu,sw
Future
middle
Future
active
s
o/e
Primary
middle /
passive
poreu,somai
Homework
Read chapters 17, 20-22 in Basics of
Biblical Greek (blue book)
Do the workbook exercises for chapters
15-16, 18-19.
Memorize your charts!
Catch up on vocabulary!