Transcript Sarf_Lesson_17

QURANIC GRAMMAR
AS-SARF
“Morphology of the words”
Lesson 17
Lessons from the book
MABADE” ALA’RABIYAH –
basics of Arabic Grammar
RASHEED SHARTOONI
Compiled by: Sheikh Safdar Razi Ali
Past , present/future, Imparative
• The past tense is a form of the verb that
indicates a state or an action that happened in the past.
For example: ََ‫کَان‬, َ‫( نَد َِم‬he repented, he was)
• The present/ future tense is a form of the verb that
indicates a state or an action that is happening in the
present or will happen in the future. For example:
ُ ‫(يَ ُک‬he is) , َ‫(يَتَکَلَّ ُم‬he speaks to).
• َ‫( يَندَ ُم‬repenting), َ‫ون‬
• The imperative is a form of the verb that indicates a demand
of a state or an action in the future. For example: َ‫ُکنَاندَم‬
(repent, be)
Present tense (MO’RUB)
If prefix letter of present tense letter is added to a past
tense triliteral verb:
A. the first root letter is given a sakūn, for
example: َ‫ب‬
ُ ‫ضر‬
ِ َ‫( ي‬he hits)
B. there is no rule for the second root letter, for example:
َ‫( يَعلَ ُم‬he knows)َ‫ص ُر‬
hits)
ُ ‫يضر‬he
ُ ‫( يَن‬he helps) َ‫ب‬
ِ
The prefix of present tense
(we are coming )‫ي‬-‫ت‬-‫أ‬-‫ن‬
• The present tense is formed by adding one of its letters at the beginning
of the past stem.
• These are four letters: alif, nūn, tā’ and yā’.‫ي‬-‫ت‬-‫أ‬-‫( ن‬we come)
• These four letter indicate the pronoun reflecting the person who is doing
the action
• He is drinking ‫يشرب‬
• You/she َ‫تشرب‬
• I am ‫أشرب‬
• We are ‫نشرب‬
• ‫( أتَکَلَّ َُم‬I am speaking to) َ‫(نَتَکَلَّ ُم‬we are speaking to) َ‫( َيتَکَلَّ ُم‬he is speaking to)
‫(تَتَکَلَّ َُم‬you are/ she is speaking to).
• This letter ‫ي‬-‫ت‬-‫أ‬-‫ ن‬is given a dummah if the verb had four letters
ََ ‫حر‬
‫ج‬
َُ ‫حر‬
َ َ‫د‬becomes ‫خ‬
ِ َ‫يُد‬
• َ‫زَ لزَ َل‬becomes َُ‫(يُزَ لزَ ل‬its shaking) orَ‫أکر َم‬
َ becomes َ‫کر ُم‬
ِ ُ‫(ي‬he is honoring).
• and it takes a fathah if it has anything other than four letters. Example:
َ‫ص َر‬
َ َ‫ن‬becomes ‫ص َُر‬
َ ‫( يَن‬YANSORO)
•
•
•
The states of present tense
The only verb that is declinable (the end grammatical sign is
not fixed) is the present tense. For example: َ‫قرأ‬
ُ ُ ‫(يَکت‬he is
َ َ‫ي‬,َ‫ب‬
writing, he is reading)
There are three grammatical states for present tense, state
of DHAMMA (MARFOO), , state of FATHA (MANSOOB) , and
the state of SUKOON (MAJZOOM).
The present tense is MO’RAB or changeable in regular
cases it is MARFOO or ends with a DHAMMA in normal
cases.
And if it is preceded by a NASIB (‫)أن‬then it becomes
MANSOOB (state of FATHA) with a FATHA in normal cases.
And if it is preceded by a JAZIM (‫ )لم‬then it becomes
MAJZOOM with a SUKOON in normal cases.
1. The principle of the nominative (MARFOO) in normal case is to have a
dummah.
•
The nūn takes the place of the dummah in the present tense verbs,
which is connected to:
A. the dual alif: ‫ن‬
َِ ‫يَفعَال ِنَتَفعَال‬
B. the plural wāw: ََ‫يَفع َ ُلونَ َتَفع َ ُلون‬
C. the 2nd person feminine pronoun (yā’): ََ‫تَفعَلين‬
2. The principle of the subjunctive (MANSOOB) case is the verb having a
fathah.
• The subtraction of the nūn takes the place of the fathah in the present
tense verbs. For example: ‫أنَيَفعَال‬
3. The sign of the jussive (MAJZOOM) case in a verb is the sakūn.
And the subtraction of the nūn takes the place of the sakūn in cases as
: ‫َلمَيَفعَال‬
And The subtraction of the weak letter in the end of the verb takes the
place of a sakūn For example: َ‫رم‬
ِ َ‫( لَمَي‬he did not throw)
More on the present tense
• Present tense verb is specifically used for the future when a sīn or َ‫ سوف‬is
added to the beginning of it, for example: ‫ب‬
َُ ُ ‫ ( سأکت‬I will write)
• It indicates the past when it comes after cause of SUKOON state as LUM َ‫لَم‬
or ,َ‫ لَ َّما‬LAMMA for example: ‫ت‬
َِ ‫کَوَلم تکنَفيَالبي‬
َ ُ ‫( ُزرت‬I visited you and you
were not at home)
• If an present tense letter is added to a past tense with more than three
letters:
A. The letter before the last is always given a kasrah, for example: َ‫(يُدَح َِر ُج‬he
rolls)
B. The letters before the last letter are given a fathah if the beginning of the
preterite tense verb was tā’, for example: َ‫حر َج‬
َ َ‫تَد‬becomes َ‫(يَتَدَح ََر ُج‬he rolls
down).
• The last letter of an present tense verb is declinable, which means it
changes in to three grammatical states. For example: َ‫ب‬
ُ ‫ضر‬
ِ َ‫(ي‬he hits) and
َ ‫(لَمَيَن‬he has not been set free). There
ََ ‫ضر‬
‫ب‬
ِ َ‫( لَن ي‬he will never hit) and َ‫طلَق‬
are few cases where the last letter of present is MABNI and fixed.
Types of MABNI (indeclinable) verbs
• We mentioned in regular cases the MABNI
past tense ends with FATHA, in the absence of
a suffix.
• But there are certain letters or suffix when
attached to the past tense the FATHA may
change because of the suffix and not because
of the grammatical position, in present tense
the end sign changes because of the
grammatical position (MAORAB), and here
because of the attachment of certain suffixes.
The types of MABNI in
the Past
The past and imperative (command) tenses are static
(MABNI).
• The past tense verbs are static on:
A. Fatha (regular) ; for example: َ‫ب‬
َ ‫ ( ش َِر‬he drank)
B. D humma, if it is connected to a wāw; for example:
َ‫(ش َِربُوا‬they drank)
C. Sakūn, if it is connected to a nūn, nā or tā’; for
example: ‫بنَش َِربنا‬
َُ ‫ش َِر‬we drank, she drank, I
َ ‫بت ش َِر‬
drank)
THE PAST TENSE
• The end letter of a past tense verb is indeclinable (MABNI
or fixed) with:
A. A fathah, for example َ‫ب‬
َ (he hit)
َ ‫ض َر‬
B. A Dummah, if it is connected to the wāw plural pronoun,
for example َ‫ض َربُوا‬
َ (they hit)
C. A sukūn, if a nominative (SUBJECT) pronoun with a vowel
ُ ‫ض َر‬
sign is connected to the verb, for example َ‫بت‬
َ (I hit)