Transcript Column 1 Column 2 Change

Yoruba Alphabet List
Phoneme Orthography
IPA
Orthography
English
a
ã
b
d
dʲ
d͡ʒ
e
ɛ
f
g
g͡b
i
ĩ
k
k͡p
l
àgā
īkã ̄
bàbá
d ì
dʲ ī
d͡ʒɛ̀
sè
ɛ̄dʲɛ̄
fɔ̀
gɛ̄
g͡bálɛ̀
īlé
ɛ̄j̃ ĩ ̄
kà
k͡pák͡pá
lá
aga
ikã, ika
baba
di
dyi
jẹ
se
ẹdyẹ
fọ
gẹ
gbalẹ
ile
ẹyĩ, ẹyi
ka
papa
la
chair
termite
father
to plait
steal
eat
cook
blood
wash
to cut
to sweep
house
egg
to read
field
make
a
ã, a
b
d
dy
j
e
ẹ, e̠
f
g
gb
i
ĩ, i
k
p
l
Yoruba Alphabet List
Phoneme Orthography
IPA
Orthography
English
m
n, n̩
o
ɔ
ɔ̃
r
s
ʃ
t
u
mũ ̄
ɔ̀nɔ̀
òd͡ʒò
ɔ̀mɔ̀
ɛ̄fɔ̃ ̄
rɔ̀
sálò
ʃìré
tà
fū
mu
ọnọ
ojo
ọmọ
ẹfọ̃, ẹfọ
rọ
salo
ṣire, shire
ta
fu
to drink
road
rain
child
mosquito
to fall
run
to play
to sell
give
m
n
o
ọ, o̠
ọ̃, õ̠, ọ, o̠
r
s
ṣ, sh
t
u
ũ
ũ, u
mũ ̄
mu
to drink
w
w
ɔ̄wɔ́
ọwọ
hand
j
y
ījò
iyo
salt
Since nasal and oral vowels are all phonemes, they can be marked differently such as a, ã, i, ĩ, o, õ, u, ũ. However,
since nasal vowels are not common, it may be possible to under-differentiate them and mark them the
same as oral vowels without difficulty for readers. This may be the better choice, especially if tone needs
to be marked with diacritics above the vowels.
Alphabet Symbol Choices Review
What is the most important factor when choosing alphabet
symbols?
Alphabet Symbol Choices Review
What is the most important factor when choosing alphabet
symbols?
Acceptabilityː The orthography must be acceptable to the
people who are going to use it; otherwise, they will not
likely use it.
How does phonology help literacy development?
1. Phonology shows us which sounds in a
language need alphabet symbols, and
which do not. (Steps 1-14)
2. Sometimes sounds change when words
or parts of words are joined in various
ways. Phonology helps us find the best
spelling rules for these difficult
situations. (Steps 18-19)
Steps for finding spelling rules when words or morphemes come
together (2 of 2)
18. Identify Morphophonological Changes
19. Identify Word Boundary Changes
Exercise 1ː Divide these words up into parts with meaning
(even if you can’t label the meaninɡ very well)
• cats
• playinɡ
• kicked
• walker
Exercise 1ː Divide these words up into parts with meaning
(even if you can’t label the meaninɡ very well)
• cat-s
• play-inɡ
• kick-ed
• walk-er
MORPHEMEː The smallest part of a word with
meaning; can be the entire word.
cat ‘type of animal’
-s ‘plural’
MUNDARI Sudan
Root
1.
pɪ
2.
gɔɲ
3.
ɟɔŋ
4.
kɔn
5.
ruk
6.
d̪uc
7.
mɛt̪
8.
rɔp
‘asked’
‘gave’
‘took’
‘did’
‘replied’
‘tangled’
‘looked’
‘paid’
Root + ɟa ‘Don’t’
pɪɟa
‘Don’t askǃ’
gɔɲɟa ‘Don’t giveǃ’
ɟɔŋga ‘Don’t takeǃ’
kɔnd̪a ‘Don’t doǃ’
ruggə ‘Don’t replyǃ’
duɟɟə ‘Don’t tangleǃ’
mɛd̪d̪a ‘Don’t lookǃ’
rɔbba ‘Don’t payǃ’
PHONEME: the smallest
contrastive sound in a
language
MORPHEME: the smallest
part of a word with
meaning
LUMUN [kaβɪk] ‘rain’
MUNDARI /pɪɟa/ ‘Don’t askǃ’
ALLOPHONE: a variant
(alternate) sound of a
phoneme in a different
environment.
ALLOMORPH: a variant
(alternate) sound of a
morpheme in a different
environment.
LUMUN [maɣal] ‘sesame’
MUNDARI /ɟɔŋga/‘Don’t takeǃ’
MORPHO-PHONOLOGICAL CHANGE
(MORPHO-PHONEMIC CHANGE)ː
Sound changes when morphemes come together.
SUFFIXː a morpheme attached to the ends of words.
ENGLISH
MUNDARI
-ed in walked
-ɟa in pɪɟa ‘Don’t askǃ’
PREFIXː a morpheme attached to the beginnings of words.
ENGLISH
im- in improper
CAIRO ARABIC il- in ilkursi ‘the chair’
Exercise 2ː Find the morpheme and its allomorphs that makes the change in meaning
from column 1 to column 2. Write the morpheme or allomorph separately to the
left.
CAIRO ARABIC
Column 1
1. kursi
Morpheme/
Allomorph
‘chair’
Column 2
ilkursi ‘the chair’
2.
3.
4.
baːb
ɡeːb
dars
‘door’
‘pocket’
‘lesson’
ilbaːb ‘the door’
ilɡeːb ‘the pocket’
iddars ‘the lesson’
5.
6.
nimra
satr
‘ɡrade’
‘line’
innimra ‘the ɡrade’
issatr ‘the line’
Exercise 2ː Find the morpheme and its allomorphs that makes the change in meaning
from column 1 to column 2. Write the morpheme or allomorph separately to the
left.
Before which phonemes does the sound change and why?
CAIRO ARABIC
Morpheme/
Column 1
Column 2
Allomorph
1. kursi
‘chair’
ilkursi ‘the chair’ il2.
3.
4.
baːb
ɡeːb
dars
‘door’
‘pocket’
‘lesson’
ilbaːb ‘the door’ ililɡeːb ‘the pocket’
iddars ‘the lesson’
5.
6.
nimra
satr
‘ɡrade’
‘line’
innimra ‘the ɡrade’
issatr ‘the line’ is-
ilidin-
Complete Assimilation (+ = morpheme break)
CAIRO ARABIC
Original Sounds like
/l/  /d/ before + d
 /n/ before + n
 /s/ before + s
/il-dars/  /iddars/ ‘the lesson’
/il-nimra/  /innimra/ ‘the grade’
/il-satr/  /issatr/ ‘the line’
/il-kursi/  /ilkursi/ ‘the book’
The final /l/ assimilates completely to the followinɡ consonant when that consonant
is alveolar (as is the /l/)
PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS:
common sound change in a
particular environment in
roots
MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS:
common sound change in a
particular environment where
words or morphemes come
together.
Voicing and weakening assimilation
LUMUN Sudan
/k/  [ɣ] in-between vowels
 [k] elsewhere
Complete assimilation
CAIRO ARABIC
/l/  /d/ before + d
 /n/ before + n
/kakɛk/  [kaɣɛk] ‘tree type’
 /s/ before + s
/il-dars/  /iddars/ ‘the lesson’
/il-nimra/  /innimra/ ‘the grade’
/il-satr/  /issatr/ ‘the line’
Morphological Processes
Labialisation
Palatalisation
Voicing
Assimilation to the place of articulation
Complete assimilation
Deletion (Elision)
Insertion (Epenthesis)
[+ATR] spreading
Raising
Many of these processes also occur in roots
Voicing and weakening assimilation
LUMUN Sudan
/k/  [ɣ] in-between vowels
 [k] elsewhere
Original
In roots
/kakɛk/ 
Across morpheme /ɔ-kɪn/ 
boundary
Sound
[kaɣɛk] ‘tree type’
[ɔɣɪn] ‘REF-they’
Exercise 3ː Find the morpheme that makes the change in meaning from column 1 to
column 2. What changes in the verb when the morpheme is added?
EJAGHAM
Column 1
1.
aɡɔm 'he fines'
2.
atɛŋ 'he braids’
3.
apini 'he tumbles'
4.
akɔɛ 'he couɡhs’
Column 2
aɡɔma 'he always fines'
atɛŋa 'he always braids’
apina 'he always tumbles'
akɔa 'he always couɡhs'
Exercise 3ː Find the morpheme that makes the change in meaning from column 1 to
column 2. What changes in the verb when the morpheme is added?
EJAGHAM
Column 1
1.
aɡɔm 'he fines'
2.
atɛŋ 'he braids’
3.
apini 'he tumbles'
4.
akɔɛ 'he couɡhs’
Column 2
aɡɔma 'he always fines'
atɛŋa 'he always braids’
apina 'he always tumbles'
akɔa 'he always couɡhs'
When the verb ends in a V (vowel), that V is deleted (disappears).
Vowel Deletion (Elision) ( = nothinɡ; / = in the environment of)
EJAGHAM
V   before + V
or
V   / ___ + V
/apini-a/  /apina/ ‘he always tumbles’
This meansː
A final root vowel is deleted before the first vowel of a suffix.
Exercise 4ː Find the morpheme and allomorph that show each noun class. Write the
morpheme and allomorph below each column. What environment causes the
change to the allomorph?
LARU Sudan
Noun Class 1
d̪ɔ̀tɔ̀
‘CM-lizard’
d̪ᶦd̪ʊ̀ɽɪ̀ ‘CM-stool’
gᶦrɪ́nà
d̪ᶦmɔ̀ɽà ‘CM-snail’
d̪ᶦmùd
‘CM-lynx’
Noun Class 3
‘CM-mountain’
gɛ̀n
‘CM-rope
gᶦɲɛ̀n
‘CM-dog’
gᶦbə̀ɽù ‘CM-cloud’
Exercise 4ː Find the morpheme and allomorph that show each noun class. Write the
morpheme and allomorph below each column. What environment causes the
change to the allomorph?
LARU Sudan
Noun Class 1
d̪ɔ̀tɔ̀
‘CM-lizard’ gɛ̀n
d̪ᶦd̪ʊ̀ɽɪ̀ ‘CM-stool’ gᶦrɪń à
‘CM-rope
d̪ᶦmɔ̀ɽà ‘CM-snail’ gᶦɲɛ̀n
d̪ᶦmùd
‘CM-lynx’ gᶦbə̀ɽù
Noun Class 3 (CM = concord marker)
‘CM-mountain’
‘CM-dog’
‘CM-cloud’
d̪- Noun Class 1 morpheme g- Noun Class 3 morpheme
d̪ᶦ- Noun Class 1 allomorph gᶦ- Noun Class 3 allomorph
d̪-, g- are used before vowels; d̪ᶦ-, gᶦ- are used before consonants.
Vowel Insertion (Epenthesis)
LARU

 [ᶦ] after C and before + C
or
  [ᶦ] / C ___ + C
/ d̪-d̪ʊ̀ɽɪ̀ /  / d̪ᶦd̪ʊ̀ɽɪ̀ / ‘CM-stool’
This meansː
The vowel /ᶦ/ is inserted when consonants are joined together through morphology.
Exercise 5ː Find the morpheme and its allomorphs that makes the change in meaning
from column 1 to column 2. Underline the morpheme and its allomorph. What
environment causes the change to the allomorph?
LARU Sudan
Column 1
/ɪ/
d̪ᶦlɪŋ̀ ɪd̀ ̪
/ɛ/
d̪ᶦɽɛ̀bɛ̀n
/a/
d̪áⁿd̪áŋ
/ɔ/
d̪ɔ́gɔ́r
/ʊ/
d̪ʊ́rtʊ́n
/i/
gìd̪ìn
/ə/
d̪ə́ⁿd̪ə́ŋ
/u/
gùgùn
Column 2
‘insect’
‘stone’
‘lizard’
‘tree t.’
‘tablet’
‘chicken house’
‘knife’
‘hare house’
d̪ᶦlɪŋ̀ ɪd̀ ̪álʊ̀ ‘on insect’
d̪ᶦɽɛ̀bɛ̀nálʊ̀
‘on stone’
d̪áⁿd̪áŋálʊ̀ ‘on lizard’
d̪ɔ́gɔ́rálʊ̀
‘on tree t.’
d̪ʊ́rtʊ́nálʊ̀ ‘on tablet’
gìd̪ìnə́lù
‘on chicken house’
d̪ə́ⁿd̪ə́ŋə́lù ‘on knife’
gùgùnə́lù ‘on hare house’
Exercise 5ː Find the morpheme and its allomorphs that makes the change in meaning
from column 1 to column 2. Underline the morpheme and its allomorph. What
environment causes the change to the allomorph?
LARU Sudan
Column 1
/ɪ/
d̪ᶦlɪŋ̀ ɪd̀ ̪
/ɛ/
d̪ᶦɽɛ̀bɛ̀n
/a/
d̪áⁿd̪áŋ
/ɔ/
d̪ɔ́gɔ́r
/ʊ/
d̪ʊ́rtʊ́n
/i/
gìd̪ìn
/ə/
d̪ə́ⁿd̪ə́ŋ
/u/
gùgùn
Column 2
‘insect’
‘stone’
‘lizard’
‘tree t.’
‘tablet’
‘chicken house’
‘knife’
‘hare house’
d̪ᶦlɪŋ̀ ɪd̀ ̪álʊ̀ ‘on insect’
d̪ᶦɽɛ̀bɛ̀nálʊ̀
‘on stone’
d̪áⁿd̪áŋálʊ̀ ‘on lizard’
d̪ɔ́gɔ́rálʊ̀
‘on tree t.’
d̪ʊ́rtʊ́nálʊ̀ ‘on tablet’
gìd̪ìnə́lù
‘on chicken house’
d̪ə́ⁿd̪ə́ŋə́lù ‘on knife’
gùgùnə́lù ‘on hare house’
[+ATR] Rightward Spreading
LARU
V  [+ATR] after V[+ATR] +
or
V
 [+ATR] / V[+ATR] + ____
/gìd̪ìn-álʊ̀/  /gìd̪ìnə́lù/ ‘on chicken house’
This meansː
[+ATR] quality spreads from the vowels of roots to the vowels of suffixes
Exercise 6ː Find the morpheme that makes the change in meaning from column 1 to
column 2. What changes in the verb when the morpheme is added? Write the
changes on the right.
LARU Sudan
Column 1
/ɪ/
d̪àgɽɪ́
/ɛ/
d̪ɛ̀dɛ́
/a/
ŋáŋá
/ɔ/
rɔ́
/ʊ/
rʊ́
/i/
pí
/ə/
pə́
/u/
d̪rú
Column 2
‘to chew’ d̪ə̀gɽìd̪í
‘to cut’
‘to rub’
‘to grind’ rùd̪í
‘to be changed’
‘to beat’
‘to nail’
‘to sip’
d̪ìd̪ì
ŋə̀ŋə̀d̪í
rùd̪í
pìd̪í
pə̀d̪í
d̪rùd̪í
Change
‘Chewǃ’
‘Cutǃ’
‘Rubǃ’
‘Grindǃ’
‘Be changedǃ’
‘Beatǃ’
‘Nailǃ’
‘Sipǃ’
Vowel
Exercise 6ː Find the morpheme that makes the change in meaning from column 1 to
column 2. What changes in the verb when the morpheme is added? Write the
changes on the right.
LARU Sudan
Column 1
/ɪ/
d̪àgɽɪ́
/ɛ/
d̪ɛ̀dɛ́
/a/
ŋáŋá
/ɔ/
rɔ́
/ʊ/
rʊ́
/i/
pí
/ə/
pə́
/u/
d̪rú
Column 2
‘to chew’ d̪ə̀gɽìd̪í
‘to cut’
‘to rub’
‘to grind’ rùd̪í
‘to be changed’
‘to beat’
‘to nail’
‘to sip’
Vowel
d̪ìd̪í
ŋə̀ŋə̀d̪í
rùd̪í
pìd̪í
pə̀d̪í
d̪rùd̪í
Change
‘Chewǃ’
ɪ i
‘Cutǃ’
‘Rubǃ’
‘Grindǃ’
ɔ u
‘Be changedǃ’
‘Beatǃ’
‘Nailǃ’
‘Sipǃ’
ɛ i
a ə
ʊ u
[+ATR] Leftward Spreading
LARU
V  [+ATR] before + V[+ATR]
or
V
 [+ATR] / ___ + V[+ATR]
/ ŋàŋà-d̪í /  / ŋə̀ŋə̀d̪í / ‘Rubǃ’
This meansː
[+ATR] quality spreads from the vowels of suffixes to the vowels of roots
Vowel Raising (with [+ATR] spreading)
LARU
/ɛ/, /ɔ/  /i/, /u/ before + V[+ATR]
/d̪ɛ̀-d̪í/  /d̪ìd̪í/ ‘Cutǃ’
/rɔ́-d̪í/  /rùd̪í / ‘Grindǃ’
When [+ATR] quality spreads to the vowels /ɛ/, /ɔ/, these vowels are raised to the
[+ATR] vowels /i/, /u/. We expect these vowels to become the [+ATR] vowels /e/,
/o/, but they don’t because these vowels don’t exist in Laru.
Class Assignmentː
1. Find all Yoruba verbs with continuous aspect (those with ing in the English
translation). What is the morpheme and its allomorphs that give these verbs
the continuous meaning?
2. What environment causes the change to the allomorph? Make a rule in words
or symbols for this change. Give one example word for each allomorph change.
Reading Assignment
A Guide to Phonological Analysis pg 86-88; 146-147