Transcript English 8: Grammar - SHS

English 8: Grammar
Ms Lardner
(Notes and activities based on The
Grammar Teacher’s Activity-A-Day :
Jossey-Bass)
A noun is the name of a person, place, thing or
idea.
A singular noun is the name of only one person,
place, thing or idea.
A plural noun is the name of more than one
person, place, thing or idea.
A common noun begins with a lowercase letter
since it names any person, place, thing or idea.
It is nonspecific.
A proper noun begins with an uppercase letter
because it names specific persons, places, things
and ideas.
A concrete noun names a person, place, thing
or idea that can be perceived by one or more
of your senses.
An abstract noun names an idea, feeling,
quality or trait.
A collective noun names a group of people or
things.
Identify the three nouns in each of the
following sentences and state what type of
noun each is.
1. Rose carried her pet into the office.
2. The newspaper was left on the table in the
classroom.
3. The group spent many hours discussing the
new plan.
4. Joshua saw the lighthouse and the bridge.
5. Her computer was repaired by the
technician on Tuesday.
PRONOUNS
The pronoun is the word that takes the place of a
noun.
Personal pronouns refer to people, places, things
and ideas. I, me, you, your, they, us and it are all
personal pronouns.
Reflexive pronouns are formed by adding “-self” or
“-selves” to certain personal pronouns. They
“reflect” back to the person or thing mentioned
in the sentence. Myself, himself, herself, itself,
yourself, yourselves, themselves are all reflexive
pronouns. There is no such word as theirselves.
Demonstrative pronouns can be singular or plural.
They point out a specific person, place or thing.
This, that, these, those are demonstrative
pronouns.
Interrogative pronouns are used when asking
questions. Who, whom, which, whose are
interrogative pronouns.
Indefinite pronouns do not refer to a specific
person, place or thing. Some indefinite
pronouns are another, both, everyone, most, no
one, several.
Activity: Pronouns
Identify the pronouns in each sentence and
state what type of pronoun each is.
1. We love to read books.
2. Whose bicycle is this?
3. These puzzles are stumpers!
4. The young lady carried in all her packages by
herself.
5. Will you complete those problems by
yourself?
The adjective modifies the noun or pronoun.
An adjective can answer any one of these questions:
What kind?
Which one?
How many?
In addition to the regular adjective (tall, beautiful, green,
small), there are two other types of adjectives.
Proper adjective is formed from a proper noun. French
onion soup, Belgian detective, Kenyan landscape.
Compound adjective is composed of two or more words.
Part-time referee, eight-foot tree, fifty-year-old man.
Write an appropriate adjective in each blank.
Many of the ________ students voiced their
displeasure with the new school rules.
2. These ________ geese were searching a ________
place to meet.
3. _________ people attended the play’s ________
performance.
4. ___________ and _________, the losing team did not
look forward to their coach’s speech.
1.
VERBS
The verb is the action word.
The three basic types of verbs are:
Action verb tells what action the sentence’s
subject (or doer) performs, has
performed, or will perform.
Linking verb connects (links) a subject (or
doer) to a noun, pronoun, or adjective in
the sentence. The words that follow a
linking verb answer the question “What?”
Helping verb assists the main verb in a
sentence. One or more helping verbs can
assist the main verb.
Activity: Verbs
State what the verb is and whether the verb is
an action, linking or helping verb.
1. Hustle to first base, Charles!
2. This is the correct answer.
3. Hear what I have to say.
4. Each of these fifteen doctors was
interviewed by the county health officials.
5. This talented surfer rode the wave all the
way to the shore.
ADVERBS
The adverb modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
An adverb can answer any of these four questionsWhere? When? How? To what extent?
Most adverbs end in –ly.
Some examples of adverbs not ending in –ly:
again
almost
already
now
then
always
later
ever
here
yet
just
often
not
today
very
nowhere so
quite
rather
away
soon
yesterday also
perhaps
too
Activity: Adverbs
Identify the adverb by asking a question.
1. Henry swam brilliantly.
2. The train then came down the line.
3. The day was almost perfect.
4. Sonny, swallow your food very slowly.
5. Some older people were quite happy with the club’s
proposal.
6. The architect worked quite methodically.
PREPOSITIONS
The preposition is a word that shows the relationship between
a noun (or a pronoun) and another word in the sentence.
Some examples of prepositions:
after
onto
beneath
across
around
over
beyond
before
behind
under
despite
but
besides
upon
for
down
by
against
into
from
during
below
off
like
in
between
since
on
near
except
until
through
Compound preposition has the same function as the
regular, one-word preposition but it contains more than
one word! According to, in addition to, in spite of, next
to.
Preposition-Adverb Question:
The same word can be an adverb in one sentence and a
preposition in another sentence. Both answer the same
questions- When? Where? How? To what extent?- but
only an adverb does it in a single word. The
preposition needs other words to answer the same
questions (prepositional phrase).
Activity: Prepositions
Identify the preposition in the following sentences:
1.
Mollie walked into her aunt’s house.
2.
My mom exercises quietly in the morning.
3.
The professor placed the book underneath the
large desk.
4.
I walked around the block.
5.
The terrified dog scampered past us.
6.
Kenny, look beyond your present troubles.
CONJUNCTIONS
The conjunction connects words or groups of
words.
A coordinating conjunction is a single connecting
word. The seven coordinating are: for, and, nor,
but, or, yet, so. An easy way to remember these
seven conjunctions is the acronym FANBOYS.
ACTIVITY: CONJUNCTIONS
Identify the conjunction in each sentence.
1. I will not be able to go to the field for I have
not completed my science project.
2. Do you think we should put on the paint now
so it will have time to dry?
3. Perhaps you or your neighbors will be able to
organize the block party this year.
4. Paula would like to be here with us, yet she
has to watch over her younger sisters today.
Correlative conjunctions consist of a pair of words.
These words are not together in the sentence.
Here are the FIVE pairs of correlative conjunctions:
Whether…or
Neither…nor
Both…and
Either…or
Not only…but also
ACTIVITY: CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
Select a pair of correlative conjunctions to complete
each sentence.
1. ______the machine has been repaired _____ if it
is still broken will affect our work schedule.
2. Marcelle enjoys playing with _____ dogs ____
cats.
3. ______will Olivia attend the meeting, _______ she
will ______chair the proceedings.
4. The competent writer uses ______poor word
choice ____ vague details in her articles.
Subordinating conjunction joins larger groups of
words within sentences. It begins adverb clauses
(groups of words that answer the questions:
When? Where? How? To what extent?).
Here are a few subordinating conjunctions:
after
although
in order that
as long as
as soon as
unless
even though though
as far as
than
where
since
whenever
as though
while
ACTIVITY: SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Use a subordinating conjunction to complete each
sentence.
1. We had not seen our old friends _____ they
moved away several years ago.
2. These chimpanzees looked _____they were
displeased with the zookeeper.
3. I cannot stop from laughing _____ Garrett tells us
his funny stories.
4. Make the turn ____ you see the tall oak trees in
front of the large white house.
INTERJECTIONS
The interjection expresses strong emotions or
feelings.
Is often found at the beginning of a sentence
and is usually followed by either an
exclamation mark (for strong emotion) or a
comma (for mild emotion).
An interjection can also be used to protest or
command.
Interjections can stand alone, but they are often
contained within larger groups of words.
Here is a list of the most common interjections:
aw
wow
goodness gracious
eek
bravo
hurray
hey
golly
dear me
oh no
hurrah
gosh
whoa
phew
no
ahem
yea
yes
gee
darn
eh
yippee
hi
psst
oh
rats
oops
yeh
ugh
hello
Activity:Interjections
Write a sentence for each of these interjections.
1. Gosh
2. Oops
3. Yippee
4. Hurrah
5. Oh no
Activities: Review #1
Identify each underlined word’s part of
speech.
1. Each of the programs was taped.
2. I feel well.
3. They have been training at this site.
4. Hey! Are you complaining about our
group’s meeting?
5. All of the contestants but Monica were
scheduled.
6. We all helped to shovel the snow.
7. The snow shovel is out in the barn.
The elderly man fell down.
9. The coach told Mitch to down the ball.
10. He had to solve the problem in a hurry.
11. Uncle Erik gave Rick box seat tickets to
the Yankee’s game.
8.
Review #2
Identify each underlined word’s part of
speech.
1. Foolish decisions can cause trouble.
2. She gained fame quickly as a journalist.
3. You will soon know how difficult this is.
4. Please dispose of your garbage.
5. We can do this by ourselves.
6. Tomas entered into the competition.
7. Rachel is an heiress to a large fortune.
He and I can carry that bundle.
9. You or they will be able to assist.
10. Murphy is a silly dog some of the time.
11. Yippee! I do not have to go to bed yet.
12. It is my all-time favourite movie.
13. This is the story of a seven-time award
winner.
14. Both of these comedians will be
appearing at local clubs this fall.
8.
Review #3
Use each word as indicated.
1. Use part as a noun.
2. Use part as a verb.
3. Use televised as a verb.
4. Use televised as an adjective.
5. Use for as a conjunction.
6. Use for as a preposition.
Review #4
Fill in each blank with one word that logically
fits the sentence’s sense. Then state what
part of speech the word is.
1. A _______ mouse ran through the garage.
2. Either the doctor _____ the nurse will
explain the procedure to you.
3. ______! That bicyclist almost crashed into
the parked car.
4. The brave soldier ran _______ the field
during the skirmish.
5. Nobody can do all of this by ________.
Review #5
Identify the part of speech of each underlined word in
these literary titles.
1. And Then There Were None
2. The Taming of the Shrew
3. Silent Spring
4. The Blue Lagoon
5. Romeo and Juliet
6. The Cat in the Hat
7. Our Town
8. The Chocolate Wars
9. Anything Goes
10. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Grammar Reminders
Here are some general rules to remember in your
writing.
1. Comparative and Superlative: The comparative form
is used when comparing TWO objects and ends in
-er or uses more with longer or irregular adjectives.
The superlative form is used in comparing MORE
THAN TWO objects and ends in –est or uses most
with longer or irregular adjectives.
2. “I” and “me”: When do we use “I” and when do we
use “me”? Usually we can solve this dilemma by
rearranging the sentence.
3. Suffixes: -able is used primarily for adjectives; -ion is
used primarily for nouns; -ly is used primarily for
adverbs.