Transcript Snímka 1 - Nechodimnaprednasky.sk

Morphology 1
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a morpheme
•the smallest unit of grammatical analysis.
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

be identifiable from one word to
another
and

Contribute in some way to the
meaning of the whole word.
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MORPHEMES

derivational
read + -er
un- + tie
inflectional
work – work(-s)
work – work (-ed)
paradigm
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
inflectional rules - relate different
forms of the same lexeme (an
abstract kind of word of which the
word forms are all inflectional
variants)

word-formation - relate two
different lexemes.
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
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word-formation:
derivation and compounding
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DERIVATION
different words with a shared base.
WORD CLASSES (primary grammatical
categories)
CONVERSION (or ZERO DERIVATION):
word passing from one word class to another (or
several others) without taking any affix
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COMPOUNDS
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A compound is a word composed
of more than one free morpheme
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COMPOUND VERBS:
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
COMPOUND NOUNS
HEADED AND HEADLESS COMPOUNDS
BLENDS AND ACRONYMS
COMPOUNDS CONTAINING BOUND
COMBINING FORMS
PHRASAL WORDS
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COMPOUND VERBS
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VERB_VERB (VV)
stir-fry, freeze-dry
NOUN –VERB (NV)
hand-wash, air-condition , steam-clean
ADJECTIVE-VERB (AV)
dry-clean, whitewash
PREPOSITION-VERB (PV)
underestimate, outrun, overcook
ADVERB-VERB (Ad-V)
downsize, upgrade
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
right-headed
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The rightmost element – head =
the activity denoted by the
compound as whole is a variety of
the activity denoted by that
rightmost element.
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Hyphenation
Unhyphenated,solid -compound
verbs with single-syllable modifiers
overhang
hyphenated - longer modifiers
Air-condition
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COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
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a modifier of a noun
It consists of two or more morphemes
of which the left-hand component
limits or changes the modification of
the right-hand one
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the dark-green dress":
 dark limits the green
 that modifies dress.

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NOUN-ADJECTIVE (NA)
sky-high, coal-black, oil-rich
ADJECTIVE-ADJECTIVE (AA)
grey-green, red-hot
PREPOSITION-ADJECTIVE (PA)
underfull, overactive
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VA structure, corresponding to the VV verbs
would resemble hypothetical „sing-happy“ (happy
enough to sing),
They scarcely exist, even though it is easy
enough to find plausible meanings for them.
This reflects the relative reluctance of verbs to
participate in compounding generally in
English.
All the compounds here are again right –
headed.
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Solid compound adjectives
earsplitting, eyecatching, and downtown.
(AmE)
ear-splitting, eye-catching (BrE)
Numbers that are spelled out and have
the suffix -fold added: "fifteenfold",
"sixfold".
Points of the compass:
northwest, northwester, northwesterly,
northwestwards, but not North-West
Frontier.
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Hyphenated compound
adjectives
A compound adjective is
hyphenated if the hyphen helps the
reader differentiate a compound
adjective from two adjacent
adjectives that each independently
modify the noun.
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"acetic acid solution": a bitter
solution producing vinegar or acetic
acid (acetic + acid + solution)
"acetic-acid solution": a solution of
acetic acid
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old English scholar
Old English scholar
De facto proceedings
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old English scholar: an old person
who is English and a scholar, or an
old scholar who studies English
"Old English scholar": a scholar of
Old English.
"De facto proceedings" (not "defacto")
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no risk of ambiguities - may be
written without a hyphen:
Sunday morning walk.
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COMPOUND NOUNS
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Verb- noun (VN): swearword,
drophammer, playtime
Noun-noun (NN): hairnet,
mosquito net, butterfly net, hair
restorer
Adjective-noun (AN): blackboard,
greenstone, faintheart
Preposition – noun (PN): ingroup, outpost, overcoat
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Most of these are also rightheaded.
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In fact, almost any pair of nouns
can be juxtaposed in English so as
to form a compound or a phrase –
provided that there is something
that this compound or phrase could
plausibly mean.
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solid or closed :
 hyphenated
 open or spaced form consisting
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of newer combinations of usually
longer words, such as distance
learning, player piano, lawn
tennis, etc.
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container ship/containership/containership
and
particle board/particleboard/particleboard.
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two kinds of NN compound.
Primary or root compound
(hairnet, mosquito net)
Secondary or verbal compound
(hair restorer)
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hairnet
mosquito net
butterfly net
hair restorer
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
restorer in hair restorer is
derived from a verb (restore).
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HEADED AND HEADLESS
COMPOUNDS:
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Adjective-noun (AN):
blackboard
greenstone
faintheart
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
faintheart
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faintheart - headless -its status
as a noun is not determined by
either of its components.
Headless AN compounds
loudmouth, redshank (a kind of a
bird that has red legs)
headless NN compounds
stickleback( a kind of fish with
spines on its back), sabretooth.
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exocentric – headless compounds
– having a centre „outside
themselves“
endocentric. – headed compounds
- having an „internal centre“
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Blends and acronyms
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Talkathon
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Cheesburger
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Smog
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a kind of compound where at least
one component is reproduced only
partially - blends.
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smog (smoke + fog)
talkathon (talk + marathon)
cheeseburger (cheese +
hamburger)
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acronyms –
NATO (for North Atlantic Treaty
Organization), ANZAC (for
Australian and New Zealand Army
Corps), RAM (random access
memory), SCSI (pronounced
scuzzy, small computer system
interface), AIDS (aquired immune
deficiency syndrome) .
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If the conventional way of reading
the string is by pronouncing the
name of each letter in turn, as with
USA and RP (received
pronunciation), then it is not an
acronym but an abbreviation.
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Compounds containing bound
combining forms.
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compounds that are made up of
bound roots, known as combining
forms.
Anthropology, sociology,
cardiogram, electrocardiogram,
retrograde, retrospect,
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For most of these the meaning of
the whole is clearly determinable
from that of the parts.
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For example: anthrop (o) – human
plus –(o) logy, science or study,
yields a word that means science
or study of human beings and
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Phrasal words
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jack-in-the-box.
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Structurally this has the appearance
of a noun phrase in which the head
noun, jack, is modified by a
prepositional phrase, in the box ,
exactly parallel to the phrases :
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People in the street or (a) book
on the shelf.
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They form their plurals by suffixing
–s not to the head noun (as in
books on the shelf)
jack-in-the boxes,
They jumped up and down like jackin-the boxes.
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Though structurally a phrase, then,
it behaves as a word.
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Let´s contrast it with another item
which is at least as idiosyncratic in
meaning and which has a similar
structure: brother – in – law.
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A crucial difference is that brotherin-law forms its plural by affixing –
s not to the whole expression but
to the head noun:
Brothers –in –law
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Despite its hyphens, therefore,
brother-in-law is not a word at all
but a phrase
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Another examples of phrasal words:
Dyed-in-the –wool Republican
/s
Couldn´t-care-less attitude
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Dyed-in-the-wool
having strong beliefs, likes, or
opinions that will never change:
Even dyed-in-the-wool
traditionalists were impressed by
the changes.
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