Transcript slide - Tulane University

Head movement 2
Oct. 5, 2010 – Day 16
Introduction to Syntax
ANTH 3590/7590
Harry Howard
Tulane University
COURSE MANAGEMENT
10/5/12
http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/ANTH3590/
 We need to spend our $150 from the Provost’s
Undergraduate Activities Fund.

ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane
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ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane
REVIEW
T-TO-C MOVEMENT AS ADJUNCTION
OF T TO TENSE IN C
CP
PRN
you
TP
C
T
will
T’
VP
T
will
V
marry
C
[TNS]
ø
PRN
you
T’
VP
T
will
PRN
me
ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane
TP
C
[TNS]
ø
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CP
V
marry
PRN
me
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A SIMPLIFICATION OF THE
ADJUNCTION TO SHOW ITS
MORPHOLOGICAL RESULT
C
[TNS]
ø
PRN
you
TP
C
will+ø
PRN
you
T’
VP
T
will
V
marry
T’
VP
T
will
PRN
me
ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane
T
will
CP
TP
C
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CP
V
marry
PRN
me
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V-TO-T MOVEMENT IN
ELIZABETHAN ENGLISH
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CP
PRN
I
T’
ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane
Tense must be strong
in Elizabethan English
and weak in modern
English
TP
C
ø
VP
T
care+Af1sgPr
ADV
not
VP
V
care
PP
P
for
PRN
her
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Radford §4.5
ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane
HEAD MOVEMENT
MORE ELIZABETHAN ENGLISH
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28a) Saw you my master?
 V-to-T then T-to-C movement (V-to-T-to-C mvt)

ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane
CP
TP
C
saw+Af2sPa+ø
PRN
you
T’
T
-----------saw+
Af2sPa
VP
V
saw
------
DP
my
master
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LONG-DISTANCE HEAD MOVEMENT
CP
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PRN
you
TP
PRN
you
T’
T
ø
T’
VP
V
saw
T
saw+Af2sPa
VP
ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane
CP
C
saw+Af2sPa+ø
TP
C
saw+Af2sPa+ø
DP
my
master
What is wrong with this?
V
saw
DP
my
master
Well, saw picks up the affix
without passing through
the node that hosts it.
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LIMITATIONS ON HEAD MOVEMENT


The head-strength parameter


31) Head movement is only possible between a head
and the head of its complement.
The strength of a head can vary among languages.
One of the things that children learn when they
acquire a language is the settings for parameters.
ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane
But Radford ignores this easy answer because he
doesn’t draw the tree and instead offers the
head-movement constraint (HMC):
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
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Radford §4.6
ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane
AUXILIARY RAISING
TWO POSITIONS FOR BE AND AUXILIARY
HAVE WRT NOT
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ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane
32a) She may not be suitable.
 32b) She is not suitable.
 34a) She may not be enjoying syntax.
 34b) She is not enjoying syntax.
 36a) He may not have done it.
 36b) He has not done it.
 He may not have the time.
 BritEng: He has not the time.
 AmEng: He does not have the time.

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AUX-TO-T MOVEMENT OF BE & HAVE
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CP
PRN
she
ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane
TP
C
ø
T’
AuxP
T
Af3sPres
is+
have+ Af3sPres
ADV
not
AuxP
Aux
----is
------have
VP
V
enjoying
enjoyed
QP
ø syntax
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EVIDENCE FOR AUX POSITION
Scope of modal verbs

38a’) You must not call the police.

38b’) You need not call the police.
= It is not necessary that you call the police.
 # You need not call the police, or we will all go to jail.
 Not has scope over the modal verb, but does not c-command
it.


If need starts out in a lower position, its copy is ccommanded by not: see next slide.
ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane
= It is necessary that you not call the police.
 You must not call the police, or we will all go to jail.
 The modal verb has scope over (c-commands) not.

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
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NOT C-COMMANDS NEED IN AUX
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CP
PRN
you
ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane
TP
C
ø
T’
AuxP
T
need+Af2sPres
ADV
not
AuxP
Aux
----need
VP
V
call
DetP
the police
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NEED AS NEGATIVE POLARITY
ITEM
Auxiliary need is a negative polarity item

Even when not is contracted to it:
He needn’t apologize.
 Need should not c-command n’t, but if need comes
from AuxP, its copy is c-commanded by not: see
previous slide.

ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane
2.47a) I don’t think that he need apologize.
 2.47b) *He need apologize.

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
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DOUBLE MODALS

Some Southern US English
C
ø
PRN
he
T’

AuxP
T
must
ADV
no
Scots English

40) He must no can do it.
AuxP
Aux
can
ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane
She must can go.
 She might could do it.
 She might not could do it.

TP
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CP
VP
V
do
PRN
it
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AND FINALLY … MODAL + AUX
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CP
PRN
he
ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane
TP
C
ø
T’
AuxP
T
must
ADV
not
AuxP
Aux
have
VP
V
done
PRN
it
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LIGHT VERBS
ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane
They have little real-world or lexical information of
their own and serve mainly to mark grammatical
information like tense, aspect, and modality.
 Thus they are ‘light’ on lexical information.
 The affix in T is only strong enough to attract such
light verbs; it hops down to all other verbs.

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Interim conclusion: only be, have & need can
raise to T.
 Why these verbs and not some others?

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Q5
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Finish §4
ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane
NEXT TIME