Transcript 基礎英文寫作

基礎英文寫作
周怡君
進修部 四技應外二甲
Chapter 1
Sentence Types
1. Clause
2. Simple Sentence Review
3. Compound Sentences
4. Complex
Clauses :S+V
a part or all of the complete sentence
Independent Clauses
• S+V
• stand alone
• express a complete thought
• as a separate sentence
• Ex: He has studied English for 10 years.
Dependent Clauses
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S+V
CAN NOT stand alone
depend on a main clause
connected by subordinating conjunctions
such as:
after, although, if, until, as, since,
when …….
Ex: Since he was a kid
He has studied English for 10 years since
he was a kid.
Relative Clauses
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one type of dependent clause
relative pronoun (that, which, who) +V
Ex: She is the only one who stayed here.
Phrases
a group of words that go together
DOES NOT have S+V
• Ex: in the morning, at school
Types of Sentences
Simple sentences
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One independent clause
NO dependent clauses
may have phrases, more than one S, or V
Ex: My father came to see my school play.
My father, mother and I came to school
play and attended the party.
Compound Sentences
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two or more independent clauses
NO dependent clauses
Ways to make compound sentences:
a. using a comma and coordinating conjunction:
and, but, or, so, yet, nor,
Ex: He opened the door. He found the missing
paper.
 He opened the door, and (so) he found the
missing paper.
b. semicolon + transitional word + comma
 He found the missing paper; therefore, he was
satisfied.
Complex Sentences
• one independent clause +one (or more) dependent
clause
• Ex. 1. When we went to school, I called my mom
immediately.
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2. Although it rained last night, we decided to
take the path that led through the woods.
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3. I knew the actress who played that part in
the 1980s.
Chapter 2
Subject-verb Agreement
1. Subject-Verb Agreement: present tense
verbs
2. Subject-Verb Agreement: Negative Verbs
3. Subject-Verb Agreement: With be (present
tense)
4. Subject-Verb Agreement: With be (past
tense)
5. Subject-Verb Agreement: With indefinite
Pronouns
6. Subject + Prepositional Phrase +Verb
7. Subject-Verb Agreement: With there+be
Exercise: A Business Meeting
• Read the speech given by an administrator to her
employees at a business meeting. Fill in the blanks with
the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
•
“Good afternoon. It seems that we’re all here, so let’s
begin. As you all know, I’ve brought you here to give you
some information about our upcoming trip to the corporate
office on the coast. Both my assistant and I (1 be)
__________________ going to leave for the coast
tomorrow. She and I, along with our marketing director, (2
plan) ______________________ to arrive at 9:00 a.m. and
begin preparing for our corporate meeting on Friday. There
are some things that (3 be expected) _______________ of
you, both before you leave and after you arrive.
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First, everyone (4 be required) _______________ to
bring a laptop computer and any notes you may need to
contribute to the discussion. In addition, we’ve been told
that one of the meeting rooms (5 be kept)
_______________ especially cold, so we advise you to
dress accordingly.
• One of the company drivers (6 have been directed)
_______________________ to meet you at the airport, so
when your arrive, you should plan to look for him. He and his
associates (7 be) ___________________ going to make
sure you get safely to your hotel. By the way, it should be
noted that each of you (8 be) _____________ responsible
for paying for your own hotel room. Although this may seem
unreasonable, please consider that fifty dollars (9 be, not)
__________________ a lot to pay for a hotel room in a
big city.
• The time you spend between your arrival and the meeting
the following day
• (10 be) _______________ your own. If anyone (11 want)
____________________ to meet for dinner, you are
certainly encouraged to do so. Either way, both my assistant
and I (12 expect) _____________________ to see you the
day after tomorrow at 9:00 a.m. If no one (13 need)
_______________________ to ask any questions, this
meeting is concluded. Thank you for your time.”
Chapter 3
Sentence Patterns with
Verbs, Adjectives and
Adverbs
Topic: The Shopping Mall
Fill in the blanks with the correct group of words in
parentheses.
There are a lot of reasons I (1 usually don’t do /
don’t usually do) ____________________ much
shopping at the mall. I (2 hardly ever drive / drive
hardly ever) ____________________ there
because parking is so difficult. I
(3 never can find / can never find)
____________________ a parking place near the
entrance. That means I have to take the bus, which
I hate. And if I go early to avoid the crowds, the
stores I like (4 never are / are never)
____________________ open yet. Some people
get there early to get a good parking space and
then eat breakfast at the mall. However, I (5
seldom do / do seldom) ____________________
that.
I (6 barely can stand / can barely stand)
____________________ to eat breakfast at home,
let alone
at a mall. I don’t like to eat until after noon. Besides,
the food at the mall (7 almost never is / is almost
never) ____________________ any good. The
restaurants (8 rarely have / have rarely)
____________________ any fresh fruit or
vegetables. And the food court (9 usually is / is
usually) ____________________ too crowded and
noisy for me. Another thing that bothers me is the
lack of helpful salespeople. I can (10 hardly find ever
/ hardly ever find) ____________________ a
salesperson when I need one. They (11 rarely are /
are rarely) where they are supposed to be. And
those are just some of the reasons why I (12
almost go never / almost never go) to the mall.
Chapter 4
Sentence Pattern (1)
Sentence Pattern 1
1. Thanks to +N 多虧…...因為
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(=because of, owing to, due to, on account of, as a result of….)
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Thanks to his advice, I did not make the same mistake again.
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Thanks to his friends’ help, he succeeded at least.
2. Enjoy, finish, mind (practice, avoid, consider, regret, keep, admit, ….)+ Ving
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I enjoy watering flowers in the garden.
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Would you mind telling him I’ll visit him tomorrow?
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Have you finished feeding the dog?
3. With (+adj)+ N =adv
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He achieved his goal with ease (=easily).
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Sam handled the situation with little patience (=impatiently).
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with a smile= smilingly
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with excitement= excitedly
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with delight = delightedly
4. make it a rule + to +V
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+ that + S + V
• He makes it a rule to exercise every morning.
• My father makes it a rule that I have to watch the news in
English every evening.
5. sb + spend + time/ money + (in) Ving + on +N
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It takes (+ sb) + time + to +V = N (Ving)+ take (+ sb) + time
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It costs (+ sb) + money + to +V = N (Ving)+ cost (+ sb) +
money
• They spent three days searching for the missing child.
• = It took them three days to find the missing child.
• She spends a lot of money on clothes every month.
• = It cost her a lot of money to buy clothes every month.
Sentence Pattern 2
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1. even though 雖然；儘管
even though +S+V = in spite of ( despite of) the fact that S+V
even if +S+V
They went camping even though the weather was not very good.
Even if the house is very cheap, I can’t afford it.
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2. S1+V1 + who (where, why, what, how, when) + S2 +V2 間接問句
I don’t know why he quit.
Do you know when he will be back?
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3. How +adj (adv)+ S +V
= What a/an (+adj) + 可數單數 N (S + V ) !
What (adj) + 不可數單數 N/ 複數 N (S + V ) !
What a handsome man he is!
What beautiful flowers he sent you !
IV. V-ing (+O) + 單數 V
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To +V +(O)
Drawing pictures is her hobby.
Playing baseball is not an easy thing for John.
To see is to believe.
To keep the promise is very important for everyone.
V. S1 +V1 + so that + S2 +V2 好讓 /以便
+ so as + to V2
You have to study hard so that you can pass that exam.
We have to leave earlier so as to arrive here on time.
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so +adj (adv) + that + S+V
=such +N + that + S +V
She is so nice that everyone likes her.
She is such a nice girl that everyone likes her.
7. stop (keep, prevent) + sb +from + Ving 阻止某人做某事
• The heavy rain stopped them from going out.
• I can’t prevent him from making that mistake.
8. be filled with (be full of) +N
• The classroom is filled with students.
• Life is full of surprises.
9 . All sb. +can (could, must, should, have to) do + is (was) + 原
形V
• All he had to do is ask for help.
• All his parents can do is wait.
10. prefer+ N1 (Ving) + to + N2 ( Ving)
• = prefer to 原形V1 + rather than 原形V2
• I prefer tea to coffee.
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I prefer staying at home to going out.
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I would prefer to stay at home rather than go out.
Chapter 5
Adjectives
1. Placement of adjectives
2. Adjective +preposition combinations
3. Be+ adjective combinations
4. Participial adjectives
5. Adjective Clauses
Topic: A Great Philosopher
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Complete the adjective clauses by filling in the blanks with
who, whom, whose, which, when or where.
Socrates, _________________ was a famous
Greek philosopher, was well respected by many of his
peers.
Athens, _________________ Socrates lived all of
his life, would become the place of his death.
The jurors on the council _________________
prosecuted Socrates believed that he was guilty of
corrupting the young people of the city.
The jurors _______________ Socrates spoke to
listened intently to his defense.
Socrates’ most famous student is Plato,
_______________ dialogues offer examples of the
Socratic Method of question and answer.
Sobs could be heard coming from Socrates’ closest
friends at the moment _______________
he began to drink the hemlock.
• In the city _______________ Socrates devoted
his life to questioning young and old alike, Socrates
was believed to be interfering with the religion of
the people.
• The Sophists were a group of philosophers
____________________ were paid to teach their
philosophy on the streets of Athens.
• In 399 B.C., _______________ Socrates killed
himself, the elders of the community believed that
justice had been done.
• Socrates, _______________ principles would not
allow him to live in a way that was contrary to his
beliefs, died with grace and honor in the presence
of his friends.
• The young people to ______________________
Socrates spoke during his lifetime respected him
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above most others. It was this respect for
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Socrates ________________ frightened
the parents of the young people of Athens.
Topic: The Neighborhood
• Read this paragraph and look at the twelve
underlined parts. Six of them contain an error.
Find the errors and correct them.
•
1 The neighborhood, where I grew up, is in a
small city in South Florida. The population of the
city, 2 which is called “Little Castle” by the 3
people lived there, was only about 5,000. Little
Castle is 4 a city which consists of many little
neighborhoods.
• 5 Our neighborhood, where there were only 100200 people, was one of the smallest. It seemed
that everyone knew each other. 6 The old woman,
who lived down the street, knew 7 who’s daughter
was dating 8 who’s son, and 9 the old man who
lived across from her was 10 someone to whom all
the kids would go for advice. My fondest memory
of Little Castle is of the neighborhood kids riding
their bikes in the streets after dinner.
• 11 People who living in the area would wave to us
and smile as we rode by, and 12 the ice cream
man, who sold us ice cream from his truck, knew
us all by name. It is often said that you can’t go
home again, but I know that I can always visit my
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Little Castle home in my heart.
Chapter 6
Sentence Patterns
Sentence Pattern 3
1. too + adj (adv) +(for +N) to V
• = so + adj (adv) that + S cannot + V
• It is never to late (for anyone) to learn.
• It was so dark that we could not see anything.
2. Sb be/become familiar with sth
• =sth be/become familiar to sb
• He is quite familiar with international trades.
• The customs of this country are not familiar to me.
3. S+V1,….. V2-ing/ P.P.….= V1-ing/ P.P. …., S+V2 (分詞構句)
• She sat at the bus shop, waiting for the arrival of her boyfriend.
• Written in anger, the letter he sent to his girlfriend made her
very sad.
Sentence Patterns 4
1. A good (wide, large) + selection (variety) of +N 各式各樣的……
many (all) + kinds (sorts) of + N
A large variety of cookies and breads are sold in this bakery.
2. It matters(doesn’t matter) +(to sb) + wh-/if+ S+ V (wh- +to V)
對…(沒)有關係
• = It makes a great / a little(some, little, no) difference (+to sb)
• It doesn’t matter what he is going to buy.
• Doesn’t it really make a great difference to you if I accept his
invitation?
3. be hungry for (eager for, long for) + N 渴望
• =be eager (long) +to V
• After the war, the government is eager to re-establish the
economy.
• She was hungry for news of her friends.
4. 1+V1 What’s more (better, worse), S2+V2 (此外),更重要/ 更好/更糟的
是
• They are best friends. What’s more, they work in the same office.
• He lost his job last month. What’s worse, he found he had cancer of
the liver.
5. be famous (noted, well-known) + for+ N 以……特色聞名
• +as + N以……身分聞名
• The store is famous for its hot pots.
• He is not only known as a movie star but also a successful
businessman.
6. offer (give) somebody something= offer (give) something to
somebody 提供
• = provide somebody with something = provide something for
somebody
• He offered me a glass of wine. = He offered a glass of wine to me.
• She managed to provide her children with food and clothing.
• She managed to provide food and clothing to her children.
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7. depend(rely, count) +(up)on + N (Ving) 依賴/憑藉
You can count on him to help.
You can't rely on the weather.
Chapter 7
Common Grammar Errors
1. Be / Have
2. Make / Do
3. Say / Tell
4. To + Verb
5. Many / Much
6. A Few / A Little
7. Another / Other / Others
8. Too / Very
9. Pronouns, Possessive Adjectives, and
Pronouns
10. Do Not Begin Sentences with
and/ but/ so/ or
Chapter 8
Translation
Original works vs. movie
adaptations
1.許多電影都是根據暢銷小說改編而成
2.不過到底是電影好還是原著好,見仁見智
3.有些人擔心電影無法忠於原著,無法符合讀者
的期待
4.有些人卻認為電影把文字訴諸影像,反而賦予
原著新的生命
Original works vs. movie
adaptations
1. Many movies are adaptations of beat-selling novels.
2. But whether movies or the original novels are
better is a matter of opinion.
3. Some people feel that movies can’t do justice to
the original novels and won’t meet readers’
expectations.
4. But others believe that movies put images to
words and bring new life to the original stories.
Traveling independently
1.我喜歡自助旅行更勝於團體旅行
2.我可以自己規劃行程,想去哪裡就去哪裡
3.和跟團旅行不同的地方是,我不必趕時間
4.我可以盡情參觀各個景點,深入體驗不同的文
化
5.不過行前一定要做好充分準備,以確保旅途的
安全
Traveling independently
1. I like traveling independently more than going
with a tour group.
2. I can plan the trip on my own and go wherever I
want.
3. Traveling alone is different from going on a tour
because I don’t have to rush.
4. I can spend as much time as I like in various spots
and experience different cultures more deeply.
5. But before I go, I must make sufficient
preparations to make sure that I will have a safe
trip.