Transcript English for IT specialists

elementary
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Члены предложения
subject
главные
подлежащее
predicate
сказуемое
второстепенные
complement
дополнение
adjective
определение
adverbial modifier
обстоятельство
Functions
Parts of Speech
Examples
Функции
Части речи
Примеры
subject – объект, совершающий
действие
действие, предикат
object – объект,
над которым совершается
действие
характеристика объекта
характеристика действия
noun, pronoun
существительное, местоимение
в Именительном падеже
verb, verb phrase
глагол, глагол-связка с к.-л.
второстепенным членом предложения
sportsman, computers,
I, we, you, it, they
plays, is working,
am here, is mine,
are clever, was at home
noun, pronoun
существительное, местоимение
в любом падеже,
кроме Именительного
(с предлогом или без него)
adjective, particle
прилагательное, причастие,
причастный оборот
adverb, gerund
наречие, деепричастие, деепричастный
оборот
flowers, on the table,
in the box
beautiful, high, clever,
swimming in the pool
often, never, very well
Countable nouns
Uncountable nouns
It is possible to use words like one/ two/ three
with such nouns.
a computer  two computers
It is impossible to use one, two, three etc. with
uncountable nouns directly, however we use
words such as {a piece of, a glass of, a cup}
a cup of tea, a bar of chocolate
Countable can be singular or plural.
a motherboard  motherboards
Uncountable nouns have only one form.
data, capacity
Countable nouns in singular form require {a, an}.
a computer, an engineer
Uncountable nouns don’t use {a, an}
 We use the word some with both countable (plural) and uncountable nouns.
some computers, some hard disks, some video cards
some data, some sugar, some cake, some money, some cheese
 Some words act as countable and uncountable depending on their meaning.
 a cake
chickens;
 some cake;
 some cakes;
a chicken  some chicken;
 some
 a piece of cake.
 a piece of chicken .
 Some words are only in plural form
scissors, glasses, trousers, jeans, shorts, people, police etc.

Some words are usually uncountable:
Information, advice, weather, news, bread, furniture, work

Some plurals don’t end in –s:
a man  men,
a woman  women,
a tooth  teeth
a child children,
a foot  feet,
a mouse  mice
also:
one person  two people
 Words that end with an s, sh, ch or x add es to their plural form.
glass 
glasses
match  matches dish  dishes
box  boxes


Words that end with a constant + o often take es for plural.
tomato  tomatoes
potato  potatoes

Words that end with vowel + o take only s in the plural form.
radio  radios
 Subject Pronouns:
English
Russian
English
Russian
I
я
he
он
we
мы
she
она
you
вы, ты
it
оно
they
они
 Object pronouns:
English
Russian
English
Russian
me
меня
him
его
us
нас
her
ее
you
тебя, вас
it
его
them
их
 Possessive pronouns:
English
Russian
English
Russian
my, mine
мое
his, his
его
our, ours
наше
her, hers
ее
your, yours
твое, ваше
its, its
его
their, theirs
их
computer
central processor
flash memory
hair
monitor
main memory
eyebrow
eyelashes
mouse
hard disc
lip
forehead
keyboard
compact disc
teeth
chin
acoustic system
digital video disc
ear
cheek
printer
video card
eye
nose
scanner
network card
mouth
tea
mouse pad
TV tuner
tongue
coffee
good
bad
fat
thin
big
small
tall
short
full
empty
young
old
open
closed
wet
dry
hot
cold
new
old
happy
sad
fast
slow
high
low
rich
poor
hard
soft
expensive
cheap
Subject Pronoun
Form of verb to BE
I
Am
He
She
Is
It
We
You
They
Are
Subject Pronoun
Form of verb to Have
I
We
You
Have
They
He
She
It
Has
Subject Pronoun
Form of verb to Do
I
We
You
Do
They
He
She
It
Does
VERBS
VERBS
VERBS
VERBS
study
read
install
calculate
teach
write
launch
record
eat
go
view
copy
drink
come
browse
paste
Subject Pronoun
Form of verb to BE
I
Am
negative
He
She
Is
It
not
We
You
They
Are
Subject Pronoun
Form of
verb to Do
negative
verb
not
study
read
have*
do*
I
We
You
Do
They
He
She
It
Does
Subject Pronoun
Form of verb to BE
Am
I
He
Is
She
It
We
Are
You
They
Subject Pronoun
Form of verb
to Do
verb
I
Do
We
You
They
He
Does
She
It
study
read
have*
do*
 The adjective is mentioned before the noun:
They use a modern computer (not ‘a computer modern’).
 The ending of the adjective is always the same:
a different monitor (not ‘differents’).
 The adjectives are much used in the following form:
be (am / are / was etc.) + adjective
You are tall. She is bright.
The car is fast.
The computer is a multitask device.
The cell phone is small.
 We use adjectives after the verbs look/ feel/ smell/ taste/ sound +
adjective
You look tired.
Yes, I feel tired.
Don’t use that computer. It is infected with a malicious virus.
 Adverbs, tell you how something is happens or how somebody does something.
The file is downloaded slowly.
Windows works reliably.
Your English is improving quickly.

 Usually, one must add (ly) to an adjective to get a corresponding adverb.
quick  quickly,
slow  slowly,
bad  badly,
reliable reliably
 Some adverbs have a form different from the adjective of the similar meaning.
good  well
 Can you feel the difference?
I have a quick computer.
My computer is operating quickly.
 Study carefully the following examples:
The price of her computer is 800$. The price of his computer is 900$.
Her computer is cheaper.
His computer is more expensive.
 It is possible to use (than) after comparison
Her computer is cheaper than his computer.
His computer is more expensive than hers.
Notes the difference between the two examples (his computer) and (hers).
 One should add (–er) to short words of one syllable.
old older
fast  faster
slow  slower big  bigger
small smaller
 One should add the word (more) before words that are longer
than one syllable.
careful  more careful
expensive  more expensive
complicated  more complicated
polite  more polite
 We use (more than) and (less than) to give a mere judgment:
A: Your computer cost 500$. B: No, more than that.
I have more problems than you.
 For a more precise judgment we use the words (a bit / much)
I am a bit taller than you. Our car is much better than their
car.
My computer is much more expensive than yours.
 When comparing many items, the one that stands
farthest is usually marked in a superlative form.
Usually, it is possible to obtain this form by adding
(est) or most, and a (the) article must come before the
word;
old  the oldest cheap  the cheapest
nice  the nicest careful  the most careful
interesting  the most interesting
 There are several rules regarding the word order if we
follow them, our sentenced will be correct from the
grammar point of view.
 verb + object, study the examples:
He speaks English very well. (not ‘very well English’).
Did you watch TV all evening? (not ‘watch all evening TV’).
Paul often wears a black hat. (not ‘wears often’).
 If there is information regarding place and time, the order
should be first place and only than time, for example:
Ann walks to school everyday. (not ‘everyday to school’).
I usually go to bed early. (not ‘early to bed’).