Transcript español uno
ESPAÑOL UNO CAPÍTULO 1 APUNTES LOS SUSTANTIVOS Noun: person, place, thing, idea LOS SUSTANTIVOS A noun is a word used to identify people, places, things, or ideas. All Spanish nouns have gender; masculine or feminine. All Spanish nouns also have number; singular or plural. Spanish nouns are generally accompanied by an article. Nouns that refer to living things Masculine Nouns el hombre the man ending in –o el chico the boy el alumno the (male) student ending in –or el director the (male) principal el profesor the (male) teacher Nouns that refer to living things Feminine Nouns la ending in –a mujer the woman la chica the girl la alumna the (female) student ending in –ora la directora the (female) principal la profesora the (female) teacher Spanish nouns Nouns that refer to males, like el hombre, are generally masculine and end in –o or –or. Nouns that refer to females, like la mujer, are generally feminine and end in –a and –ora. Spanish nouns Some nouns have almost identical masculine and feminine forms—notice the difference. el joven the youth; the young man el estudiante the (male) student la joven the youth; the young woman la estudiante the (female) student Nouns that refer to nonliving things Masculine Nouns ending in –o el cuaderno the notebook el horario the schedule el número the number el diccionario the dictionary Nouns that refer to nonliving things Feminine Nouns ending in –a la pantalla the screen la pizarra the chalkboard la papelera the garbage can la escuela the school Spanish nouns Because the gender of nouns that refer to nonliving things cannot be determined by foolproof rules, you should memorize the gender of each noun you learn. Spanish nouns It is helpful to memorize each noun with its corresponding article, el for masculine and la for feminine. Another reason to memorize the gender of every noun is that there are common exceptions to the rules of gender. Feminine noun ending in –o la mano (hand) Masculine noun ending in –a el mapa (map) Plural of nouns Nouns that end in a vowel form the plural by adding –s. el chico la palabra los chicos las palabras Nouns that end in a consonant add –es. el profesor los profesores Nouns that end in –z change the –z to –c, then add –es. el lápiz la luz los lápices las luces Plural of nouns You use the masculine plural form of the noun to refer to a group that includes both males and females. 1 pasajero + 2 pasajeras = 3 pasajeros 2 chicos + 2 chicas = 4 chicos LOS ARTÍCULOS Articles. the a(n), some Spanish articles English often uses definite articles (the) and indefinite articles (a, an) before nouns. Spanish also has definite and indefinite articles—used much more! Spanish articles vary in form because they agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify. Definite articles Spanish has four forms that are equivalent to the English definite article the. You use definite articles to refer to specific nouns. Masculine Feminine Singular Singular el diccionario la computadora the dictionary the computer Plural Plural los diccionarios las computadoras the dictionaries the computers Indefinite articles Spanish has four forms that are equivalent to the English indefinite article, which according to context may mean a, an, or some. You use indefinite articles to refer to unspecified persons or things. Masculine Feminine Singular Singular un amigo a (one) friend una bandera a (one) photograph Plural Plural unos amigos unas banderas some friends some photographs ¡INTÉNTALO! Provide a definite article for each noun in the first column and an indefinite article for each noun in the second column. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ¿el, la, los o las? _____ chico _____ chica _____ maleta _____ cuadernos _____ lápiz _____ mujeres 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ¿un, una, unos o unas? _____ autobús _____ escuela _____ computadora _____ hombre _____ señoras _____ lápices ADJ RULE Adjectives must agree in number and gender with the noun or nouns modified. PRONOMBRES SUJETOS Subject Pronouns. I, you, he, she, we, y’all, they Subject pronouns In order to use verbs, you will need to learn about subject pronouns. A subject pronoun replaces the name or title of a person or thing and acts as the subject of a verb. In both Spanish and English, subject pronouns are divided into three groups: first person, second person, and third person. Singular FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON THIRD PERSON yo I tú you (familiar) usted (Ud.) you (formal) él he ella she Plural FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON THIRD PERSON nosotros we (masculine) nosotras we (feminine) vosotros you (masc., fam.) vosotras you (fem., fam) ustedes (Uds.) you (form.) ellos they (masc.) ellas they (fem.) Subject pronouns Spanish has two subject pronouns that mean you (singular). Use tú when addressing a friend, a family member, or a child you know well—very informal Use Usted to address a person with whom you have a formal or more distant relationship, such as a superior at work, a professor, or an older person—formal. Subject pronouns The masculine plural forms nosotros, vosotros, and ellos refer to a group of males or to a group of males and females. The feminine plural forms nosotras, vosotras, and ellas can refer only to groups made up exclusively of females. Subject Pronouns There is no Spanish equivalent of the English subject pronoun it. Generally it is not expressed in Spanish. Es un problema. It’s a problem. The verb ser (to be) SINGULAR FORMS yo soy I am tú eres you are (informal) es you are (formal); he / she is Ud. / él / ella The verb ser (to be) PLURAL FORMS nosotros(as) somos we are vosotros(as) sois you all are (informal) Uds. / ellos / ellas son you are (formal); they are ¡ATENCIÓN! Unlike English, Spanish does not use the indefinite article (un, una) after ser when referring to professions, unless accompanied by an adjective or other description: Marta es profesora. Marta es una profesora excelente. ¡INTÉNTALO! 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Provide the correct present forms of ser. Gabriel _____ Juan y yo (m.) _____ Óscar y Flora _____ Adriana _____ las turistas _____ el chico _____ los conductores _____ el señor y la señora Ruiz _____