Transcript WEEK 4

WEEK 4
Book p. 296- 316
Booklet p. 23- 24
A
NOUN CLAUSE
is a group of words
with a subject
and a verb
Like a noun . . .
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A noun clause can be a subject, a predicate
nominative, a direct object, an indirect object, or an
object of a preposition.
It can come at the beginning, middle, or end of a
sentence.
You can recognize a noun clause by one of
the relative pronouns or adverbs that begin
the clause
A noun clause consists of three components:
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A relative pronoun or adverb
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A subject
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A verb
Noun clauses function like nouns.
They can be:
subject
subject complement
object
object of prepositions
Direct (quoted) Speech vs
Indirect (reported) Speech
Direct speech
Indirect speech
Simple present ----------
Simple past
Present progressive-----------
Past progressive
Simple past---------------------
Past perfect
Present perfect-----------------
Past perfect
Direct (quoted) speech
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States the exact words a speaker used. In writing,
use quotation marks.
John said, “ I love this class.”
Indirect (reported) speech
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Reports what a speaker said without using the exact
words. There are no quotation marks.
John said that he loved this class.
The reporting verbs say and tell are usually
in the simple past for both direct and
indirect speech.
He said, “It’s great.”
He said it was great
“I’m leaving.”
She said she was leaving
“I made it.”
He said that he had made it.
He said to her, “I’ve never lied.”
he told her that he had never lied
Remember to change pronouns, time and
place expressions this and here in indirect
speech to keep the speaker’s original
meaning.
Ann told Rick, “I bought this dress here.”
Ann told Rick that she had bought that
dress there.
He said:
“I’ll
leave now.”
“I’m going to drive”
“Traffic may be bad”
“She might move.”
“He can help.”
“They have to stay.”
“You must be careful.”

He told me (that)
He would leave then.
He was going to drive
Traffic may be bad
she might move
he could help
They had to stay
I must be careful
Some Modals change forms
can – could
may –might
will – would
have to, must – had to
could, might, should, would, ought to, and
had better do not change form
“Are you bringing any fruit into the
country?”
The customs officer asked the tourists if they
were bringing any fruit into the country.
“Do you have your transcripts with you?”
The registrar asked me if I had my
transcripts with me.
“Can you fix my car?”
I asked the mechanic if he could fix my car.
“Did you see the accident?”
The police officer asked me if I had seen
the accident.
“What do you want to be when you grow
up?”
My first grade teacher asked me what I
wanted to be when I grew up.
Reported commands and requests
Commands and requests are reported using
infinitives, not noun clauses
“Bring the book!”
She told me to bring the book.
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Elvis said, “I don’t
know anything about
music. In my line, you
don’t have to”
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Quoted speech tells who said something and what
they said. We use quoted speech for the exact
words someone uses. We use it in novels, stories
and newspaper articles.
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When we don’t want to use the exact words
someone said, we use reported speech. We use
reported speech often in both speech and writing. It
has a main clause and a noun clause.We use
reported verbs such as say or tell.
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Quoted speech: Muhammad Ali said, “I´m the
greatest.”
Repoted speech: Muhammad Ali said he was the
greatest.
Changes in reported speech
Simple present
Simple past
Present continuous
Past continuous
Simple past
Past perfect
Present perfect
Past perfect
Will
Would
Can
Could
Have to / had
Had to
Other changes
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There are many possible pronoun changes in reported
speech. We use the logic of each situation to decide
on the changes.
Bob said to Alice, “You gave me the wrong book.”
Bob said to Alice she had given him the wrong book.
Time and place expressions can change in
reported speech.
now
then, at that time
today, tonight
that day, that night
yesterday
the day before
tomorrow
the next day
this week
that week
last / next week
the week before / after
two weeks ago
two weeks before
here
there
in this place
in that place
Rewrite the sentences as reported speech. Make the necessary
changes.
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1. I really like this house,” she said.
She said she really liked that house.
2. She said, “We can walk to the shops from the house.”
She said they could walk to the shops from the house.
3. “We have looked for a long time.”
She said they had looked for a long time.
4. He said, “we’re getting married next month.”
He said they were getting married the following month.
5. She said, “My parents saw the house yesterday.”
She said her parents had seen the house the day before.
6. My father said, “You have to do some work on the house.”
My father said we had to do some work on the house.
Modal Verbs
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Can:
We can make a cake together.
Could:
They said that we could make a cake together.
-
-Have to/must:
You must go home early.
Had to:
He said that you had to go home early.
-May:
He may not like rock music.
Might:
He said that he might not like rock music.
-Could:
You could tell the truth.
Could:
She said that you could tell the truth.
-Should:
:
You left a hole where my heart should be.
Should:
He said that you left a hole where his heart should be.
-Might:
You might write a diary.
Might:
She said that you might write a diary.
**Will:
I will sit right beside you.
Would:
He said that I would sit right beside you.
EXERCISES
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Exercises about Declarative Sentences with modal verbs:
1) Complete the sentences with modal verbs (Reported Speech):
-She said that we (can) be better students.
-They said that you (have to) do your homework.
-He said that she (may) trust in you.
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-They said that you (could) stay here with me.
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-You said that I (should) leave him alone.
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-He said that they (might) be friendly.
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**She said that you (will) do something important in your life.
REPORTED SPEECH
Direct Speech:
when somebody is actually speaking
“My name is Somchai”
Reported Speech:
when you are saying what somebody else said
He said that his name was Somchai.
REPORTED SPEECH
Reported Speech
We use reported speech if we want to repeat something
without using the speakers original words.
No Backshift
If the introductory sentence is in;
simple present, we use - ‘He/she says . . . ’
present perfect, we use - ‘He/she has said . . .’
future I, we use - ‘He/she will or is going to say . . .’
eg: He says, “I talk.” – He says that he talks.
REPORTED SPEECH
Backshift
If the introductory sentence is in;
simple past, we use ‘He/she said . . .’
past perfect, ‘He/she had said . . .’
future II, ‘He/she will have said . . .’
conditional I, ‘He/she would say . . .’
conditional II, ‘He/she would have said . . .’
eg: He said, “I have spoken.” – He said that he had spoken.
REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
simple present
simple past
simple past
simple past
past perfect
present perfect
past perfect
or
past perfect
1st conditional
1st conditional
2nd conditional
2nd conditional
or
REPORTED SPEECH
REMEMBER!
Using backshift means that certain place and time expressions must also be
changed.
He said, “I want to go here.”
He said that he wanted to go there.
REPORTED SPEECH
Direct speech
Reported speech
today
that day
now
then
yesterday
the day before
….days ago
….days before
last week
the week before
next year
the following year
tomorrow
the following day
here
there
this
that
these
those
REPORTED SPEECH
EXERCISES - USING BACKSHIFT
Example:
She said, "I am reading."
→ She said that she was reading.
REPORTED SPEECH
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
They said, "We are busy."
→ They said that ____________.
He said, "I know a better restaurant."
→ He said that _____________.
She said, "I woke up early."
→ She said that ____________.
He said, "I will call her."
→ He said that _____________.
They said, "We have just arrived."
→ They said that ___________.
REPORTED SPEECH
7.
He said, "I will clean the car."
→ He said that ___________.
8.
She said, "I did not say that."
→ She said that __________.
9.
She said, "I don't know where you live."
→ She said that __________.
10. He said, "I won't tell anyone."
→ He said that ___________.
11. We said, “There’s a party tonight.”
→ They said that ___________.
REPORTED SPEECH
EXERCISES - USING BACKSHIFT + PLACE
Imagine you want to repeat sentences that you heard two weeks ago in another
place. Rewrite the sentences in reported speech. Remember to change
pronouns and expressions of time and place.
Example:
They said, "This is our book."
→ They said that was their book.
REPORTED SPEECH
1.
She said, “I’m going to the cinema next week.“
→ She said ___________________.
2.
He said, "I am taking a test tomorrow."
→ He said ____________________.
3.
4.
5.
You said, "I will do this for him."
→ I said ___________________.
She said, "I am not hungry now."
→ She said ___________________.
They said, "We have never been here before."
→ They said ____________________.
REPORTED SPEECH
6. She said, “My friend was in Bangkok last week.“
→ She said __________________.
7. She asked me, "Where have you been?"
→ She asked __________________.
8. He told me, "Be quiet!"
→ He told _____________________.
9. The teacher asked, “Can you be quiet please?”
→ The teacher asked __________________.
10. The boy said, ”Come with me please.”
→ The boy said ___________________.
REPORTED SPEECH
0
EXERCISES – WITH + WITHOUT BACKSHIFT
Rewrite the sentences in reported speech. Note that backshift is not
necessary in all sentences.
Example:
She said: "I am here now."
→ She said that she was there then.
REPORTED SPEECH
1. She says, "It's a nice day today."
→ She says ____________________.
2. Last week he said, "I saw a film yesterday."
→ Last week he said ___________________.
3. They will say, "We’ll move the table ourselves."
→ They will say ______________________.
4. She told me, "Don't forget to buy milk."
→ She told me _______________________.
5. She said, “Tokyo is a city in Japan."
→ She said _________________________.
REPORTED SPEECH
6. He told me, "Lock the door when you are leaving."
→ He told me ______________________.
7. When we were in Japan, we met some friends and you
asked them, "What are you doing here?"
→ You asked them __________________.
8. He would say, "I don't believe it."
→ He would say ____________________.
9. Yesterday she asked him, "Where did you spend your
holiday last year?"
→ She asked him ___________________.
HE TOLD ME
TO
INFIVITIVE
COMMAND EXAMPLE
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DIRECT
The teacher told me
that I should open
Siska told Manu: “give me a piece of paper”!
my book page 65.
 Siska told Manu that
“Ronny told him: “call me tonight!
he should give her a
piece of paper.
 Ronny told him that
he had to call him
that night.
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INDIRECT
 65!”
The teacher told me: Open your book page
NOUN CLAUSES THAT BEGIN WITH A
QUESTION WORD

Information
Question
NOUN CLAUSE
leave?
(e) What did she
say?
(g) Why is Tom
absent?
when they left?*
(f) Please tell me
what she said?
(h) I wonder why
Tom is absent.
order is NOT used in
an noun clause:
Incorrect: I know
where he does live.
Correct: I know where
he lives.
(i) Who came to
class?
(k) What
happened?
(j) I don’t know
who came to class.
(l) Tell me what
happened.
In (i) and (j): Question
word order and noun
clause word order are
the same when the
question word is used
as a subject.
These question words can be used to introduced a
Noticewhom,
in the
Where does
he (b)why,
I don’t know
noun(a)clause
: when,
how, who,
what,
example:
lives?
where he lives.
which,
whose.
Usual question word
(c) When
did they
(d) Do you know
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*A question mark is used at the end of this noun clause because the
main subject and verb of the sentences (Do you know) are in
question word order.
Example: Do you know when they left?
Do you know asks a question; when they left is a noun clause.
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Question
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noun clause = subject + verb
Question consist of auxiliary verb
Noun clause does not consist of auxiliary verb
NOUN CLAUSES WITH WHO, WHAT,
WHOSE + BE
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QUESTION
NOUN CLAUSE
v
s
s
v
Who is that boy?
(b) Tell me who that boy is.
v s
s v
©
Whose pen is this?
(d) Tell me whose pen this is.
A noun clause or pronoun that follows main verb be in a question comes in front of
be in a noun clause, as in (b) and (d).
s
v
s v
Who is in the office?
(f) Tell me who is in the office.
s
v
s
v
Whose pen is on the desk?
(h) Tell me whose pen is on the desk.
A prepositional phrase (e.g., in the office) does not come in front of be in a noun
clause, as in (f) and (h).
question aloud. The other student
makes a sentence beginning with “I
wonder” or “I don’t know” and then
puts the information from the question
 Is it going to rain next week?
into noun clause word order.
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I wonder (I don’t know) if it’s going to rain next
week.
If/whether
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Is there a test next week?
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I wonder (I don’t know) if there is a test next week.
If/whether
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Do we have homework today?
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I wonder (I don’t know) if we have homework today.
If/whether
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Did the teacher give us homework?
I wonder (I don’t know) if the teacher gave us
homework.
If/whether
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Did I do the work correctly?
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I wonder (I don’t know) if did the work correctly?
If/whether
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Did Diane grade the tests?
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I wonder (I don’t know) if Diane graded the tests.
If/whether
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Will we do well on the next test?
I wonder (I don’t know) if we will do well on the
next test.
If/whether
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Will I have time to study tonight?
I wonder (I don’t know) if I will have time to study
tonight.
If/whether
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Has the college raised tuition again?
I wonder (I don’t know) if the college has raised
tuition again.
If/whether
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Has the college decided to build another parking
lot?
I wonder (I don’t know) if the college has decided to
build another parking lot.
that
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Statements of urgency with that:
Adjectives (command) + that + simple form of the
verb
Statements of requests with that:
Adjectives (request) + that + simple form of the
verb