Transcript Nuclear fusion - Cabarrus County Schools

Warm up
 At your desk, you will find the new
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vocabulary hit list for Unit 2
Also at your desk, the first matching warm
up
You have 10 minutes
When you finish, we will go over the
activity
This will be a grade, Mrs. Chapel will
come around during your activity to check
it
Warm up
 In your notebook:
 Journal entry #2:
 Imagine that you are lost somewhere in
space-you don’t know where. You are
picked up by an alien that does not speak
your language.
 Write down how you would communicate
with them and what you would try to tell
them (hint: maybe you would tell them
your cosmic address?)
Notebooks
 I will collect notebooks as follows:
 2nd period=Thursday
 3rd period=Friday
 4th period=Monday
 I will be checking unit 1 only
Teams/Groups
 2nd and 4th period= I will be making
changes to groups/teams tomorrow
 You may make suggestions/ask to be put
in a specific groups
 When you do your closure, include the
name(s) of people you would like to be
seated with-they must also request you
 You may have to sign a contract for
behavior if Mrs. Chapel agrees to your
request
Good things
 Share (2)
 Mrs. Chapel Shares
 Remember, when people share, we give
them our attention and we clap when they
finish.
 Feel free to ask them questions about
their share.
Social Contract instructions
 Groups/teams
 Group rolls
 Each group gets copy of questions
 Narrow list to top 5 responses for each
question
 Scribe volunteer to write down a class
summary of responses
Scribe: instructions
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1. Do not number responses
2. don’t place responses in sections
3. make one continuous list
4. use key words/phrases
5. Write large
6. put a check mark next to words
everytime that they are repeated
 Do not write while spokesperson is
speaking
Sign the contract
 We will mess up!!
 The goal is to self-manage
 Everyone MUST sign the contract
 We will highlight/focus on one social
contract word every week
Hand signals: Time out
 You are now responsible to help me with
hand signals
 Each group should have a time out signal
person in their group
 When I make the time out sign for
attention, that person should remind all
team members to pay attention
 When the time out signal is made: you
are expected to quiet down and listen
Checks
 Check: you are now responsible to help
me check behavior that does not meet our
social contract
 When you are checked, you should stop
your behavior that does not meet the
social contract
Fouls
 You may signal a foul if someone does
something that breaks our social contract
and it hurts you
When the foul signal is made, this is a
serious event!! The person who made the
foul is expected to respond with two
affirmations about the person they hurt.
Consequences for breaking our
social contract
 1. nonverbal
 2. 4 questions
 3. conference with Mrs. Chapel,
Conference with Mrs. Norris, and/or call
home
 4. Behave out-go to the control room, visit
the administrator, written reprimand in
educators handbook, and call home
Earth and space
Review
 Earth’s hierarchy in space
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What should have been on your
postcard?
 Postcard should be stapled into your
notebook
Earth’s hierarchy in space
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Your name
Address
Country=USA
Continent=North America
Planet=third planet from
the sun-called Earth
In the Solar system
Galaxy=Milky Way
Local Group=local group
Supercluster=Virgo
Supercluster part of the
Laniakea Supercluster
Universe
Closure from yesterday
 The best way to describe Earth’s
hierarchy in space is
a. Earth, solar system, galaxy, supercluster,
universe
b. Earth, solar system, nebula, supercluster,
universe
c. Earth, solar system, galaxy, local group,
supercluster, universe
d. Earth solar system, galaxy, nebula, local
cluster, multiverse
Question 2 closure from yesterday
 What do astronomers infer from the
motion of the distant galaxies?
a. The universe is contracting
b. The universe is expanding
c. The universe in imploding
d. The universe is spinning
e. None of the above
Worksheet and poster
1. Go over the worksheet
2. Finish your posters. You should include
drawings of all of the parts of your cosmic
address.
Closure
 1. What evidence do we have that the universe is
expanding?
2. Fill in the blank:
The_________________is made of
________________which are made of
__________________________. Some stars have
planetary systems similar to our ___________________.
Earth is a __________________ of one particular star
called the ______________.
Words: solar system, sun, universe, satellite planet,
galaxies, stars
WARM UP
 Using your word list from unit 1, Create a
venn diagram comparing Theory and Law
 This should be on the next page in your
notebook
 This is a review-we are going to be talking
about some Theories and Laws!!
Standards we are learning
 EEn.1.1.1 Recall Earth’s role in the
hierarchy of organization within the universe
and in the developmental continuum.
(Universe is made of galaxies which are
made of many stars. Some stars have
planetary systems similar to our solar
system. Earth is a satellite planet of one
particular star.)
 Explain relative motion of the Earth in the
solar system, the solar system in the galaxy,
and the galaxy in the universe—including the
expanding nature of the universe
Good things
 Share (2)
 Mrs. Chapel Shares
 Remember, when people share, we give
them our attention and we clap when they
finish.
 Feel free to ask them questions about
their share.
Theory vs Law
 Theory
If enough evidence accumulates to support a
hypothesis, it moves to the next step — known as a
theory- and becomes accepted as a valid
explanation of a phenomenon.
Regarded as true
Can be proven wrong
Theory vs Law
Law:
 Always true
 Cannot be shown to be wrong
 Rely on mathematics
 Accepted as universal
 Cornerstones of science
The Big Bang Theory
 The Big Bang theory is the theory that the
universe began as a point (singularity) and
has been expanding ever since.
 How do we know it is expanding?
 Do the graphic organizer and paste it into
your notebook
Doppler effect is like red shift/blue shift
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KhSv_
w4u2BM
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imoxD
cn2Sgo
Cosmic Background Radiation
 electromagnetic radiation coming from
every direction in the universe,
considered the remnant of the big bang
Distribution of elements
Worksheet
 Go over worksheet from sub day
Lab Big Bang Balloon
 Lab rules:
 The balloon is not a toy. If you break it
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because you were fooling around that is
automatic 20 points off from your lab grade.
Obtain materials as directed
READ the lab BEFORE doing ANYTHING
Clean up materials off the tables and floor
and put them where they belong when you
are finished or when Mrs. Chapel says
No rough housing
No phones
Closure
 List Earth’s hierarchy in space
 Give Mrs. Chapel the answers for your
exit ticket
Warm up
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Cloze warm up!
You may use your word list
You have 10 minutes
When you finish, glue/tape/staple your cloze
into your notebook
Mrs. Chapel will stamp the cloze for you
2nd and 3rd-immediately finish your lab from
yesterday-you have 10 minutes.
4th period-work on your project
Big Bang Balloon Lab
Lab instructions: This is a partner lab
 No horseplay
 If you break a balloon due to horseplay, that
will be an automatic 20 pnt deduction for
your lab grade.
 When you finish, throw away the balloon,
return the marker, string, and closepin, clean
up any trash around your table.
Review
 Closure from yesterday:
 List Earth’s hierarchy in space
 Give Mrs. Chapel the answers for your
exit ticket
Good things
 Share (2)
 Mrs. Chapel Shares
 Remember, when people share, we give
them our attention and we clap when they
finish.
 Feel free to ask them questions about
their share.
Standards:
 EEn.1.1.3 • Compare combustion and
nuclear reactions (fusion and fission) on a
conceptual level. Identify fusion as the
process that produces radiant energy of
stars.
 • Identify the forms of energy
(electromagnetic waves) produced by the
sun and how some are filtered by the
atmosphere (X-rays, cosmic rays, etc.).
 • Summarize how energy flows from the sun
to the Earth through space.
 Do sun foldable
Electromagnetic Radiation
 The information gathered about the universe
is obtained by studying light
 Electromagnetic spectrum-Arrangement of
radiation by wavelength
Electromagnetic radiation
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Shorter wavelength= high energy, more dangerous,
Longer wavelength=not dangerous, lower energy
Energy produced by the sun= radiation
Electromagnetic radiation filtered by atmosphere= all
gamma, all x-rays, some UV and some infrared
 Not filtered= visible light, some UV and infrared, and
some radio waves
Electromagnetic Spectrum
 Gamma Rays (Shortest Wavelength)- Blocked
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out by the stratosphere
X-Rays-Blocked out by the mesosphere and
stratosphere
UV Rays-Most are blocked out by ozone. Some
reach Earth
Visible Light-Reaches Earth
Infrared Rays-Some reach Earth
Microwaves-Some reach Earth
Radio Ways (Longest Wavelength)-Reaches
Earth
Electromagnetic spectrum
Electromagnetic radiation
 Shorter wavelength= high energy, more
dangerous,
 Longer wavelength=not dangerous, lower
energy
 Energy produced by the sun= radiation
 The sun produces all of the electromagnetic
waves
 What causes all of the colors around us?
Games
 We will play kahoot/quizlet
 Please obtain your computer and sign in
The Sun
Vocabulary Warm up
 On the next page in your notebook, write
vocabulary warm up 9/16.
 Choose 4 vocabulary words from the Earth in
Space quizlet that you don’t know well.
 Create a crossword puzzle in your notebook
that includes clues for the words.
 When you finish, find someone to trade with
and have them solve your puzzle.
Review:
Sunscreen is used to
protect skin from exposure
to the Sun by blocking what
kind of light?
(a) gamma rays
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(b) x-rays
c.
UV rays
d.
Radio waves
(c) visible light
(d) ultraviolet light
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3. Which of the following
choices best explains why
grass on a distant hillside
appears green?
(a) grass reflects all colors
except green
(b) grass absorbs only
green light
(c) grass reflects green
light and absorbs all other
colors
(d) grass transmits green
light into other colors
Stars
 Our star is 5 billion years old and has a life
cycle of around 10-12 billion years
 Stars are the origin of all elements
 Do AEIOU from the board-do it in your
notebook!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWwbMnXQ
7bo first/third
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXV9mtY1A
oI fourth
The Sun
The sun is the largest object in
the solar system
Contains 99% of all mass in the
solar system
Energy from the sun makes life on
Earth possible
The Sun
 The sun’s average density is similar to the
gas giants
 The interior is about 10,000,000 K
 Many of the gases are completely ionized,
composed of only atomic nuclei and
electrons(Plasma)
Draw it!
 Use your computer to draw a diagram of
the layers of the sun
 This should go on the next page of your
notebook
 You have 10 minutes
Solar Interior
 Within the core of the sun where pressure
and temperature are high fusion occurs
 Fusion-Combining of lightweight nuclei with
heavier nuclei
FUSION AND FISSION
Nuclear Fusion
 Nuclear fusion is
the process by
which multiple
nuclei join together
to form a heavier
nucleus.
 It is accompanied
by the release or
absorption of
energy depending
on the masses of
the nuclei involved..
Nuclear Fusion
 The fusion of two nuclei lighter than iron or
nickel generally releases energy.
 The fusion of nuclei heavier than them
absorbs energy.
Fusion reactions in stars
 First reaction= hydrogen burning, 2 hydrogen
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fuse to make helium and energy (hydrogen
burning)
Helium burning is 2nd fusion reaction carbon,
oxygen, and nitrogen are created
Carbon and oxygen burning is 3rd fusion
reaction- Ne, Na, Mg, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar are
produced
Silicon burning is the 4th fusion reaction –this is
the last reaction and produces iron.
Iron most stable-at this point the star collapses
into a white dwarf or has a supernova
Nuclear Fusion
 Iron and nickel nuclei have the largest binding
energies per nucleon of all nuclei and therefore
are the most stable.
Learning Check
What process creates energy in the Sun?
Fusion of hydrogen into helium in the Sun’s core
generates the Sun’s energy.
How long ago did fusion generate the energy
we now receive as sunlight?
Fusion created the energy we receive today about
a million years ago. This is the time it takes for
photons and then convection to transport energy
through the solar interior to the photosphere. Once
sunlight emerges from the photosphere, it takes
only about 8 minutes to reach Earth.
NUCLEAR FISSION
A reaction in which an atomic
nucleus of a radioactive element
splits by bombardment from an
external source, with
simultaneous release of large
amounts of energy, used for
electric power generation
Review
Nuclear fission:
A large nucleus splits into several
small nuclei when impacted by a
neutron, and energy is released in
this process. Made in power
plants.
Nuclear fusion:
Several small nuclei fuse
together and release
energy. Occurs in suns
Draw a Double Bubble Map of
Fusion and Fission-next pg of
notebook
fusion
fission
Differences
Similarities
Differences
Question
 How does the sun produce energy?
 A. Nuclear Fission
 B. Radioactive Decay
 C. Nuclear Fusion
 D. Ionic Bonding
How is the sun the source of all life on
Earth?
The Sun’s energy makes all
ecological processes on
Earth possible. Through
what process is this
possible?
photosynthesis food
webs would not be
possible and
ecosystems would be
disrupted
Conduction vs convection vs
radiation
Gallery walk
 Around the room there are 6 scenarios about
conduction, convection, and radiation.
 Using the answer sheet provided, decide if
the scenario is conduction, convection, or
radiation.
 Turn your answers in when your finish. Don’t
forget your name!!!!
 No horseplay during this activity
Closure Question:
 ) The diagram below shows three different
methods of heat transfer. identify which
letter in the diagram represents each of the
following
(i) Radiation
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(ii) Conduction
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(iii) Convection
Warm up
 Instructions:
 Obtain a warm up pop
quiz
 You have 10 minutes
 After 10 minutes
(timer/music stops), you
may find someone else
to compare answers with
 Turn your pop quiz in
when Mrs. Chapel comes
to pick it up.
agenda
 Share good things
 Learn about Kepler’s laws
 Do a kahoot
 Do a lab activity
 closure
Review
The 6 questions
Key points
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 1. Heat from the sun
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travels through space as
radiation
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 2. The sun makes all life
possible on earth
 3. Fusion occurs in stars-
two lighter nuclei come
together to make a heavier
nuclei and release energy
Standards covered yesterday
 EEn.1.1.3 • Compare combustion and
nuclear reactions (fusion and fission) on a
conceptual level. Identify fusion as the
process that produces radiant energy of
stars.
 • Identify the forms of energy
(electromagnetic waves) produced by the
sun and how some are filtered by the
atmosphere (X-rays, cosmic rays, etc.).
 • Summarize how energy flows from the sun
to the Earth through space.
Standards for today
 • EEn.1.1.1: Explain planetary orbits,
especially that of the Earth, using Kepler’s
laws.
 Kepler’s laws foldable notes
Kepler's Laws
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Who is Kepler?
What are Kepler's three laws?
Kepler's first law: the law of ellipses
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explains that planets are orbiting the sun
in a path described as an ellipse
An ellipse is a special curve in which the sum
of the distances from every point on the
curve to two other points is a constant.
The two other points are known as the foci of
the ellipse. The closer together that these
points are, the more closely that the ellipse
resembles the shape of a circle.
Kepler's first law is rather simple - all planets
orbit the sun in a path that resembles an
ellipse, with the sun being located at one of
the foci of that ellipse.
Kepler's first law
Kepler's second Law-Law of equal areas
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A planet moves fastest when it is closest to
the sun and slowest when it is furthest from
the sun.
The line joining the planet to the Sun
sweeps out equal areas in equal times as
the planet travels around the ellipse.
Kepler's third law-the law of harmonies
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The ratio of the squares of the revolutionary
periods for two planets is equal to the ratio of
the cubes of their semimajor axes:
P(years)2= R(AU)3
P(years)= R (AU)3/2
R(AU)= P(years)2/3
Kepler's laws lab
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This is a partner lab
Obtain materials as Mrs. Chapel instructs
There are three parts to the lab, you will do
one part at a time-together.
Lab expectations
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No horseplay
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Careful with pushpins
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Follow directions
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Noise level BELOW the music
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Obtain materials as directed
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Clean up your lab areas when
finished
Closure
Warm up
 Quizziz
 Get your computers and prepare for
Quizziz
Honors warm up
 Spend 10-15 minutes working on your
project
 If you are done, go to Quizziz
 Top 5 get candy
Review from yesterday
Good things
 You share good things!
 Write an affirmation for each person at
your table
 Put the affirmation in their bag
 We will be taking bags home tomorrow
Honors Kepler lab
 You have until 1:45 to complete the lab
 You should do #1-14 for Kepler’s first law
 Do both sides of the page for Kepler’s
second law
 Do the page entitled Kepler’s third law
 Do the graph
 Analysis and conclusion are extra credit
Finish Kepler’s lab
 Finish the Kepler activity 2nd and 3rd
 You have 15 minutes
 When the timer rings, turn in the work that
you have, get out your notebook and be
prepared to learn about nutation,
precession, barycenter, and obliquity.
Closure:
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1. ) In 11,000 years, the earth’s
axis will point to the star Vega
instead of the North Star as it
does now. The reason for this
is:
A. Precession
B. Nutation
C. Barycenter
D. Elliptical orbits
2. T/F The moon causes a
change in the angle of Earth’s
axis over a period of 18
years.
3. This change of the angle
of Earth’s axis caused by the
moon, is called
_______________________
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4. The sun is not stationary
in our solar system, but orbits
the solar system’s
_______________________
______.
Warm up
 Make a T chart in your notebook. List all
the things you can think of that describe
rotation and revolution.
Rotation
Revolution
Good things/concerns
 You share good things!
 You can share concerns as well!!!
 REMEMBER we clap for good things!!!!
Standard
 The difference between rotation and
revolution
 • Explain the origin of the Earth’s motion
based on the origin of the galaxy and its solar
system.
 • Explain precession
 • Explain nutation
 • Explain barycenter
 • Summarize that the Sun is not stationary in
our solar system.
AGENDA
 1. fill out rotation/revolution T chart
 2. Watch a video that shows the origin of
earth’s motion
 3. Learn about Precession, nutation, and
barycenter-take the notes and do the lab
Earth’s rotation
• The Earth rotates on its axis
(imaginary vertical line around
which Earth spins) every 23
hours & 56 minutes.
• One day on Earth is one
rotation of the Earth.
• Day on Earth is when our side
of the Earth faces the sun.
• Night on Earth is when the
side of Earth we are on faces
away from the sun.
Earth’s revolution
• It takes the Earth 365
days (or rotations) to
travel or revolve
around the sun once.
• This is called a year.
Formation of Our solar system/Earth
Article from EarthComm
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3aBeTlPVw
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 Music:
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KasM7
f2cVi8
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eElpe
YMBCHk
Foldable instructions
 1. Cut out all of the pictures
 2. Cut the bottom off of the sheet of paper
along the dotted line
 3. Fold the four flaps inward
 4. The side that says Glue this side to
your notebook will be downward
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First picture: goes under Precession flap
Precession= Change in the direction of Earth’s axis
without a change in tilt
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The Earth's axis rotates (precesses) just as a spinning top does. The
period of precession is about 26,000 years.
Precession is caused by the gravitational pull of the Sun and the
Moon on the Earth.
The result is that the North Pole will not always point towards the
same star.
While the Pole Star in the northern hemisphere is now Polaris, in
3000 B.C., the north celestial pole coincided with Thuban, a star in
the constellation of Draco. In 14,000 A.D. (or in around 11,000 years)
Vega, in Lyra, will be the northern pole star.
Second: Goes under nutation flap
Nutation=wobbling around the precessional axis that
changes the angle of Earth’s axis—½ degree one way
or the other
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Occurs approximately every 18 years
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Caused by the moon
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Slightly affects the seasons because there is a change in the tilt of
Earth’s axis
Third picture: goes under
barycenter flap
Barycenter
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the center of mass of two or more bodies that are orbiting each
other, or the point around which they both orbit.
Do you think the center of mass is nearest the larger object, or smaller
object?
Barycenter continued
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the barycenter will typically be located within the more massive
object.
Rather than appearing to orbit a common center of mass with the
smaller body, the larger will simply be seen to "wobble" slightly.
• the Sun is not stationary in our solar system. It actually moves as
the planets tug on it, causing it to orbit the solar system's barycenter.
The Sun never strays too far from the solar system barycenter.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barycenter
Obliquity=earth’s tilt on its axis which
is 23.4 degrees
 Cause of seasons
 the angle of Earth’s axis moves between
22.1 and 24.5 degrees
 41,000-year cycle.
Precession Lab
 Go to google classroom and click on
precession, nutation, and barycenter lab
 Write lab roles at the top: reader, scribe,
leader/time keeper, affirmer/materials.
 Make sure to submit a copy of your
finished lab to
[email protected]
 This is due tomorrow!!!
Precession, nutation, barycenter lab
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Obtain materials as directed-when the music starts
No horseplay. Horseplay will result in -10 points or more from the
lab grade, continued horseplay will result in a 0.
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Listen to instructions
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Noise level should be BELOW music
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Stay on task-we have limited time to complete labs
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When you finish, clean up any trash off the floor and table, return
supplies where you got them
You have until the closure is on the board to complete the lab so
work quickly. You must not pack up without permission.
Closure
 T/F- Write down if these are True or False
 1. The sun is stationary in our solar
system
 2. Precession takes 26,000 years to
complete
 3. Nutation is caused by Jupiter
 4. The Earth rotates around the sun and
revolves on its axis.
Warm up
 Quizlet live-not kidding this time!!!!
 Get your computers
and log in
 We will do quizlet
after announcements
Warm up quiz
Go to google classroom and click on the warm
up quiz. You may use your notebooks.
If you still cannot
Log in, go to my
Links on the
Central site and
Click on the google
Warm up quiz link.
Good things/concerns
 You share good things!
 You can share concerns as well!!!
 REMEMBER we clap for good things!!!!
Why do we
have
seasons?
Questions to answer
 1. What causes the seasons?
 2. If it is summer in the northern
hemisphere, what season is it in the
southern hemisphere?
 3. What are solstices and equinoxes?
NC Standard: EEn.1.1.4 • Explain how the
tilt of the Earth’s axis results in seasons due
to the amount of solar energy impacting the
Earth’s surface.
Agenda
 Learn the standard
 Build a model by making a seasons tree
for the fall equinox
Things to know on the globe!!! Fill
this in on your seasons model!!!
On your model worksheet
 1. Change the direction of the arrows so
that they go counter clockwise instead of
clockwise.
Why do we have seasons?
• Seasons are the
result of the tilt of
the Earth's axis.
• Earth’s axis is
tilted 23.5°.
The Earth's seasons are not caused
by the differences in the distance from
the Sun throughout the year.
What is the difference between
indirect and direct sunlight on Earth’s
surface?
-Make a venn diagram in your
notebook.
Indirect sunlight
Direct Sunlight
Vocabulary
 Direct sunlight: hits Earth at a 90 degree
angle.
 Indirect sunlight: sun reaches Earth at a
low angle.
 Subsolar point: where the sun’s rays hit
Earth at a 90 degree angle.
How does indirect and direct sunlight
impact seasons?
• Summer is warmer than winter (in each
hemisphere) because the Sun's rays hit the
Earth at a more direct angle during summer than
during winter
Solstices= tilt of earth’s axis is oriented
directly away or towards the sun
• Winter solstice=
shortest day of the
year
• Northern hemisphere
 The Summer
Solstice= longest day
of the year
= December 21
• Subsolar point is at
Tropic of Capricorn
• (North Pole has a 24-hour night
Hemisphere= June
21
 subsolar point is at
Tropic of Cancer
and the South Pole has a 24-hour
day.)
 Northern
Tyrrhenian Sea and Solstice Sky
Credit & Copyright: Danilo Pivato
Equinoxes
• Equal day and night
• Subsolar point is at
equator
• This occurs twice a year.
• Spring equinox:
• The vernal (spring)
equinox occurs March 21.
• The autumnal (fall)
equinox occurs
http://k12.ocs.ou.edu/teachers/reference/e
September 21.
quinox.gif
The seasons are the result of
the tilt of the Earth's axis.
I know this is a repeat, but it is important
that you understand this idea. Many
Americans, including Harvard graduates,
do not know what causes seasons!
Review
Look closely at where the Sun is hitting the Earth
during each season:
http://Search.Lycos.com/setup.asp?r=5&src=clear2&query=weather+savvy
If it is summer in the Northern hemisphere, what
season is it in the southern hemisphere?
Earth is
tilted
_________
on its axis.
Solstice=
__________day
and __________
day. Subsolar
point is at
_______________
or
_______________
Equinox=
___________
day and night.
Subsolar point
is at
____________
__
Seasons
If the part of
Earth that you are
on is tilted
______________
___________the
sun, the season
is_________
If the part of Earth
that you are on is
tilted
_______________
the sun, the
season is
______________
Seasons
are the
result of
__________
__________
__
Instructions:




Obtain poster paper
Draw a tree without leaves
Make “hand” leaves
Follow directions for leaves
 No horseplay
 New procedure: sign out ALL Materials including
markers, glue, rulers, and scissors
 Person signing out materials is responsible for
them. If they are damaged during activities
points will be deducted.
 Making a lab safety grade which includes
materials management
Instructions for Activity
 If you made a seasons poster Friday, you will
get extra credit!! Now you need to add some
facts. Each person should add at least one fact
and one opinion about seasons on a hand, leaf,
or other shape.
 If you did not make a poster, add it to the class
poster. Make sure your name is on your shapes.
 All materials need to be checked out now and
accounted for when returned. Unreturned
items/items that are abused will result in point
deductions for this activity.
Missing work and new power rules
 Look carefully at your progress report. Zeros have been
entered for missing work in 2nd and 3rd period. This will
be changed when you hand in the work. Some items
may be in the no name folder.
 Missing work needs to be turned in today or tomorrow
morning before school. If you have lower than a 75 in
my class and you do not hand in missing work today,
you may receive a Power tutorial ticket for tomorrow
power A.
 I will be handing out power slips for quiet power as
well. Only my students are now allowed for quiet
power. Only 30 passes will be handed out. 10 per
class. If you do not have a pass, you will not be
allowed to attend my quiet power.
Closure-graded
 Grab a closure sheet and fill it out.
 Make sure you put your name on it
 Turn into Mrs. Chapel for a homework
grade.
Closure
 3. Which natural
1. What is an effect of lower levels of
solar radiation striking Earth?
a. increased incidences of skin
cancer
b. decreased rates of
photosynthesis
c. increased phytoplankton activity
d. decrease carbon dioxide levels
.
2. How does the tilt of Earth's
axis affect the seasons?
a. by changing the amount
of direct solar energy reaching the
surface of Earth
b. by influencing the rate of
chemical reactions occurring in the
atmosphere
c. by deflecting the harmful rays of
radiation emitted by the sun
d . by changing the speed of
rotation of Earth




phenomenon occurs as a
result of Earth rotating on its
axis?
a. movement of tectonic
plates
b. deep ocean currents
c. seasonal changes
d. day and night
 4) If it is summer in the
Northern hemisphere, what
season is it in the southern
hemisphere?
Warmy warm up
 3rd and 4th obtain a rotation/revolution
warm up sheet, when you finish get your
computers ready for kahoot!
 2nd period: get your computer ready to
play kahoot!
Seasons misconceptions
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p0wk4
qG2mIg
Earth’s shape
 What is Earth’s shape?
Earth’s shape
 What is Earth’s shape?
 What causes Earth’s shape?
Cause: rotation around a minor axis
Effect: Earth is not a perfect sphere
Agenda: Tides and the moon
 What causes tides?- caused by moon’s
gravity!!!
 Neap tides vs Spring tides: Create a venn
diagram or T chart for Neap tides and
Spring tides
 Do the worksheet/lab activity
http://loneswimmer.com/2010/08/23/tides-for-swimmers-part-1-theory/#jp-carousel-535
Spring Tide…
 Twice a month, the Earth, Moon, & Sun
align (line up) causes the Moon & Sun to
pull together on Earth’s oceans.
 Higher high tides / lower low tides
 Twice a month,
the Earth,
Moon, & Sun
will form a right
angle which
causes the
Moon & Sun to
pull from
different
directions on
Earth’s oceans.
 Evens the tides
Neap Tide…
http://www.yourdictionary.com/neap-tide
Make a venn diagram or T chart
 In your notebook, make a venn diagram or
T chart.
 Label one side Spring tides and the other
side Neap tides
Tides-fill out your diagram and paste in your notebook
Test questions: Tides
How does a straight alignment between
Earth, the sun, and the moon impact the
tides on Earth?
A. It produces the greatest change in
high and low tides
B. It produces the least change in high
and low tides
C. It produces semidiurnal tides.
D. It produces diurnal tides.
 What position of the




moon (M) will create the
greater tidal range?
(a) A and B
(b) A and C
(c) B and D
(d) B and C
Make your seasons leaves for your
posters/the class poster
 Instructions:
 1. cut out 2 leaf shapes, or trace your
hand and cut it out on construction paper
 2. On shape #1, write a fact about the
seasons that we have learned
 3. On shape #2, write an opinion about
the seasons (what you like about the
seasons)
 4. Put your season shape on the class
poster or your own poster.
Review packet
 Use the remainder of the period until
closure time, to work on the review packet
 This will count as a quiz grade
 Use the packet to study tonight for your
test tomorrow. Turn it in before the test.
 Test: 10 multiple choice questions online
 Written part: you may use your notebook
What should be in your notebook to
help you with the test:
Unit 2 Notebook
Title: Unit 2
Earth in Space quizlet glossary
Cosmic address postcard
Journal warm up #2 (9/14)
Big Bang theory graphic organizer
Theory vs Law venn diagram
cloze warm up story
sun/energy foldable
Warm up vocabulary from 9/19
kepler's law foldable
precession nutation barycenter diamond foldable
rotation revolution t chart
seasons flow chart and seasons model
indirect direct sunlight venn diagram
tides diagram
Closure
Warm up
Kahoot warm up
When you finish, get your study
guide out!!!
Agenda
 When you finish part
1, obtain part 2 from
Mrs. Chapel
Take test part 1 online
Directions:
Go to my website
Go to links
Click on the link for your class
Passcodes:
2nd: 125
3rd: 135
4th: 145
 You may use your
notebook for part 2
 REMEMBER: no
talking or I will take
points away from
your test- minus 5
points for every
check!!!
 When you finish,
The Atmosphere!!!
 EEn.2.5.1 Summarize information from
charts and graphs regarding layers of the
atmosphere, temperature, chemical
composition, and interaction with radiant
energy.
The Cause of Tides…
3. What motion causes tides at location to
change every 6 hours?
 Earth’s rotation on it’s axis every 24
hours and…
 Moons rotation every 24 hours and
50 minutes and…
4. The times of tides vary each day
because the moon orbits the Earth
every 28 days
Earth rotates through two tidal
bulges every lunar day
o There are two high tides and two low tides
every 24 hours 50
o High tides occur 12 hours and 25 minutes
apart.
o It takes six hours and 12.5 minutes for the
water at the shore to go from high to low,
or from low to high.
http://loneswimmer.com/2010/08/23/tides-for-swimmers-part-1-theory/#jp-carousel-535
Spring Tide…
 Twice a month, the Earth, Moon, & Sun
align (line up) causes the Moon & Sun to
pull together on Earth’s oceans.
 Higher high tides / lower low tides
 Twice a month,
the Earth,
Moon, & Sun
will form a right
angle which
causes the
Moon & Sun to
pull from
different
directions on
Earth’s oceans.
 Evens the tides
Neap Tide…
http://www.yourdictionary.com/neap-tide
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/tides.html
Compare the Spring Tides & Neap Tides
Warm up
 join.quizizz.com
 1. Open http://join.quizizz.com in your
browser
 2. Enter the 5-digit game code 65825, and
click "Proceed"
 3. Now enter your name and click "Join
Game!"
 4. You will get an avatar, and then see a
"Start Game" button. Click it to begin!
Which is true about Earth’s motion through
space?
a. The Earth’s revolution changes the
Sun—Earth gravitational pull.
b. The Earth’s rotation causes annual
changes in its surface temperatures.
c. The tilt of the Earth’s axis produces
seasons.
d. The Earth’s precession affects the
amount of heat reflected from its surface.
 If it is summer in the




northern hemisphere,
which statement is true?
A. earth has changed the
tilt of its axis by 20 degrees
due to its revolution
B. it is winter in the
southern hemisphere due
to the tilt of Earth's axis
C. it is summer in the
southern hemisphere due
to the tilt of Earth's axis
D. Earth has reached its
closest point to the sun due
to its revolution
Precession and Our Seasons…
4. Draw this!
Perihelion
Aphelion
Winter
Summer
In 14,000 yrs
July
Aphelion
Perihelion
Summer
July
January
Present
Winter
January
http://earth.usc.edu/classes/geol150/stott/variability/orbitalchanges.html
Earth’s shape
 What is Earth’s shape?
 What causes Earth’s shape?
Earth’s Shape
 Oblate spheroid
 Caused by rotation around a minor axis
Bellringer:
Grab a cloze worksheet and fill it
out. When you are finished work in
your groups for 10 minutes.
Why do we have seasons?
•
•
•
•
•
•
The Earth’s orbit around the
sun is NOT a perfect circle. It
is an ellipse.
Seasons are not caused by
how close the Earth is to the
sun.
In fact, the Earth is closest to
the sun around January 3
When Earth is closest to the
sun this is called perihelion
Earth is farthest away from the
sun around July 4.
When Earth is farthest from the
sun this is called aphelion.
Ellipse
Possible test questions
How does heat from the sun
get to Earth?
A by radiation, using
electromagnetic waves to
transfer the heat
B by convection, using
liquids and gases to transfer
the heat
C by conduction, using
solids to transfer the heat
D by absorption, using
primary waves to transfer
the heat





Which describes the difference
between nuclear fission and
nuclear fusion?
A Nuclear fission is the process
that produces the radiant energy
of stars, and nuclear fusion splits
a heavier nucleus into smaller
nuclei.
B Nuclear fission splits a heavier
nucleus into smaller nuclei, and
nuclear fusion is the process that
produces the radiant energy of
stars.
C Nuclear fission produces the
energy in the core of Earth, and
nuclear fusion produces energy in
nuclear power plants.
D Nuclear fission produces
energy in nuclear power plants,
and nuclear fusion produces the
energy in the core of Earth.
Planet
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Mass
Period of
rotation
Distance
from the
sun
Why do we have seasons?
• Summer is warmer than winter (in each
hemisphere) because the Sun's rays hit the
Earth at a more direct angle during summer than
during winter
Why do we have seasons?
• Also the days are much longer than the
nights during the summer.
• During the winter, the Sun's rays hit the
Earth at an extreme angle, and the days are
very short. These effects are due to the tilt of
the Earth's axis.
Vocabulary
 Direct sunlight: hits Earth at a 90 degree
angle.
 Indirect sunlight: sun reaches Earth at a
low angle.
 Insolation incoming solar radiation: the
amount of sunlight reaching a given area.
 Subsolar point: where the sun’s rays hit
Earth at a 90 degree angle.
Seasons…in a nut shell
Solstices
• Solstices occur twice a year, when the tilt of the Earth's
axis is oriented directly towards or away from the Sun,
causing the Sun to appear to reach its northernmost and
southernmost extremes.
• Winter solstice is the shortest day of the year. In the
Northern Hemisphere. It occurs on December 21 and
marks the beginning of winter.
• The Summer Solstice is the longest day of the year. It
occurs on June 21 and marks the beginning of summer.
Tyrrhenian Sea and Solstice Sky
Credit & Copyright: Danilo Pivato
The Tropics
Tropic of Capricorn
Tropic of Cancer:
Located at 23 degrees south
latitude
Located at 23 degrees
north latitude
Subsolar point falls here for the
winter solstice December 22
Subsolar point falls
here for the summer
solstice June 21
SOLSTICE
•
During the winter the Northern
Hemisphere day lasts fewer
than 12 hours and the
Southern Hemisphere day
lasts more than 12 hours.
•
During the winter solstice, the
North Pole has a 24-hour
night and the South Pole has
a 24-hour day.
Sunlight strikes the earth
most directly at the Tropic of
Capricorn.
•
http://k12.ocs.ou.edu/teachers/ref
erence/solstice.gif
The seasons are the result of
the tilt of the Earth's axis.
I know this is a repeat, but it is important
that you understand this idea. Many
Americans, including Harvard graduates,
do not know what causes seasons!
Equinoxes
• A day lasts 12 hours and
a night lasts 12 hours at
all latitudes.
• Equinox literally means
"equal night".
• Sunlight strikes the earth
most directly at the
equator.
• This occurs twice a year.
http://k12.ocs.ou.edu/teachers/reference/e
quinox.gif
Equinox
• The vernal (spring)
equinox occurs March
21.
• The autumnal (fall)
equinox occurs
September 21.
Review
Look closely at where the Sun is hitting the Earth
during each season:
http://Search.Lycos.com/setup.asp?r=5&src=clear2&query=weather+savvy
Differential heating of Earth’s surface
 Water vs Land
 Water heats up more slowly and cools
down more slowly than land
Earth’s magnetic field:
 Created in Earth’s core
 Protects Earth from the solar wind which would




otherwise remove our ozone layer and leave us
unprotected against electromagnetic rays
Earth is like a dipole magnet (has two poles north and
south)
Van allen radiation belts are charged particles from the
solar wind held in place by Earth’s magnetic field
Auroras are produced when the magnetosphere is
sufficiently disturbed by the solar wind and some
particles sneak past it.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KAIyVZoXv9M
Earth’s magnetic field
Earth’s shape
 What is Earth’s shape?
Earth’s shape
 What is Earth’s shape?
 What causes Earth’s shape?
Earth’s Shape
 Oblate spheroid
 Caused by rotation around a minor axis
Moon Phases
Phases always look the same
Waxing=going toward a full moon
Waning = going toward a new moon
A new moon=the moon is between earth and
the sun
A full moon=the Earth is between the sun and
moon
Waxing=the right side of the moon is illuminated
Waning= the left side of the moon is illuminated
Why are there tides on both sides?

As gravitational force acts to draw the water closer to the moon, inertia
attempts to keep the water in place. But the gravitational force exceeds
it and the water is pulled toward the moon, causing a “bulge” of water
on the near side toward the moon (Ross, D.A., 1995).
On the opposite side of the Earth, or the “far side,” the gravitational
attraction of the moon is less because it is farther away. Here, inertia
exceeds the gravitational force, and the water tries to keep going in a
straight line, moving away from the Earth, also forming a bulge (Ross,
D.A., 1995).
Tides –in your notebook
 During which two moon phases do neap
tides occur?
 During which two moon phases do spring
tides occur?
What else?
 the sun’s tide-generating force is
about half that of the moon


Because the earth rotates on its axis the moon
completes one orbit in our sky every 25 hours (Not to
be confused with moon's 27 day orbit around the
earth), we get two tidal peaks as well as two tidal
troughs. These events are separated by about 12
hours.
Since the moon moves around the Earth, it is not
always in the same place at the same time each day.
So, each day, the times for high and low tides change
by 50 minutes.
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/tides.html
Compare the Spring Tides & Neap Tides
Tides
 Neap tides= a tide just after the first or
third quarters of the moon when there is
the least difference between high and low
water.
 Spring tides= a tide just after a new or full
moon, when there is the greatest
difference between high and low water.
Warm up
 Quizziz/kahoot
Good things/concerns
 You share good things!
 You can share concerns as well!!!
 REMEMBER we clap for good things!!!!
Agenda
 1. Go over the study guide
 2. take part 1
 3. Take part 2
 4. Extra credit worksheet after you finish
Test links
 1. go to my web page on the CCHS
website
 2. go to links
 3. click on the link that goes with your
class.
 4. Passcodes:
2nd: 125
3rd: 135
4th: 145
Honors part 2 test
 Go to my documents and click on honors
part 2 test
 You should put the answers on a sheet of
paper and hand that in.
 You may use your notebook
 You may quietly discuss answers with
people at your desk, but you need to stay
with your team
Part 2: instructions
 1. go to google classroom
 2. download a copy of the unit 2 test
 3. add your answers in google docs and submit
to me OR
 4. write your answers on a piece of paper and
hand it in to the basket
 If you cannot log into your computer, you cannot
use the document on google classroom. You will
need to go to my web page and get a copy from
the documents folder.
Test instructions
 1. Part 1: take online, it is 10 questions,
No notes allowed, and no talking until
everyone is finished.
 2. Part 2: Once everyone finishes part 1,
you may talk quietly with the people at
your table. Do not copy, you should
collaborate (work together). Each person
completes part 2.
When your test is finished (2nd)
 1. do the extra credit sheet
 2. Finish your seasons posters/add to the
class poster (second period)
 Instructions:
trace your hand
Make two hands
Write a season fact
Write a season opinion
When your test is finished: honors
 1. finish the extra credit
 2. finish your seasons poster
 3. prepare to present your universe
Closure
 Final affirmations instructions:
 Grab your bag and put it at your spot
 Make at least 3 affirmations for people
around the room. Try to give at least one
affirmation to someone you have not given
one to before.