Transcript Present Perfect Tense

Verb and Tense
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Compare :
1. I had finished my homework before I
practiced the piano./I finished my homework
before I practice the piano.
2.I have read the book. / I have been reading
the book.
3.Stan sells vacuum cleaners./Stan is selling
vacuum cleaners.
4.Did you go to Yankee Stadium?/ Have you
gone to Yankee Stadium?
5. I have been hearing that melody over and
over again. /I have been listening to that
melody over and over again.
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1 No difference except the use of past
perfect tense does place more emphasis on
the prior nature of “finishing homework”.Both
sentences have the same ordering of events.
The use of before makes the order explicit
without necessitating the use of the past
perfect. It is in the absence of such clear
temporal makers that the past perfect
becomes essential to express the order.
2. The first sentence with the present
perfect talks about an experience that was
completed, but the second one with the
present perfect progressive implies that the
action of reading is still an ongoing
progress.
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3. The present tense here is used for a
permanent situation-that is , this is Stan’s
permanent job-while the sentence with present
progressive suggests that Stan is doing the
job only on a short-time basis.
4. The question in the past tense is a
definite query and requires some shared
knowledge of the timeline on which the event
in the question occurred. The second question
uses the present perfect of the same verb (go)
and could thus be assumed to be the indefinite
equivalent of the same question without
presuming shared knowledge . However, go
behaves irregularly in this respect; in fact,
the appropriate indefinite question is still
be Have you been to…? In contrast, the
question Have you gone to ….? Implies that
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5. The first sentence uses the stative verb
hear and thus implies that the perception of
the melody is not the result of the action on
the part of the person but something that has
been happening to the person involuntarily.
For example, it may be a popular melody that
is playing on every radio and in every store.
The unusual use of the present progressive
with a stative verb emphasizes the
receptiveness of the stative rather that
reporting a current state.
The verb listen is thee active counterpart of
hear and thus implies that the person has made
a point of listening to the melody repeatedlythat is , has taken some action so as to hear
it. For example, the person may have bought a
new CD, or may have been studying the melody,
Compare
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I have gone to the mall. ( I have
not returned yet; I am still
there . )
I have been to the mall. ( I went
and returned. )
Verbs
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Give , V, Agent, + [ ___ NP
PP]
[ Patient] [ Goal]
Will,
[-N, + V, + Aux], + [___ VP]
[ + infinitive]
have, [ -N, + V, + Aux], + [___VP]
[ + past participle =V-en
be
]
, [-N, + V, + Aux ], + [ ____VP]
[ + present Participle = V-ing
]
Would Review
Here are some sentences with would which
you have seen before. Find sentences in
which
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I) would is used as a conditional
II) would is the past tense of will
III)would means used to
How many sentences are left over?
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a If you were designing a poster which two
would you choose?
b Yes, I would think so.
C My brother would say, ‘oh your mother spoils
you.’
D Would you like ask us anything about it?
E Yes, yes, I would agree with that certainly.
F Not the sort of letter I would like to
receive.
G Would people in your country talk freely
about these things?
H Then we said that we would play hide and
seek.
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I Often there would be a village band made up
of self-taught players.
J Some would write their songs or set new
words to tunes.
K What advice would you give to a person
leaving school or university?
L That’s right, yes, and it would slow the
ship down.
M I never had the light on. My parents
wouldn’t allow.
N But now a new fear assailed him. Would he
get caught in the propeller?
O This brief report would best be understood
by a listener who had read the earlier story?
Key
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I) would used as conditional:
a,f,g,k,l,no
II) would as the past tense of will
III) would meaning “used to”: c,I,j
The sentences left over are b,d and
Theses are fixed phrases.In b and e
would is a matter of politeness. In
would you like is a very common way
making a offer.
:h,m
e.
d
of
Read ,as a transitive verb
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The Bible is the most read of all books.
(阅读)
You must read something between the
lines.(理解)
Your silence will be read as consent.He
can read a dream.(判断)
(你的不作声就会被看作是同意.)(他会判梦)
For that reason he was read out of the
Party.(就为着这个原因他被开除党籍)
The thermometer read 80 degrees.
The bill was read for the first time.(议案
已付第一次读)
For “fail”,a misprint, read “fall”(勘误)
Read , as an intransitive
verb
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It would read oddly. (read =affect the hearer
when read)
This book reads interesting.
This play reads better than it acts.(这个剧本
上演不如阅读有趣)
This autobiography reads like a novel.
How does this sentence reads now?
I have read of the accident in the
newspapers.(读知)
He is reading for Master’s degree.(研读)
The sentence read as follows. (此句文字如下)
The rule reads two different ways.(这规则由两
种解释)
Don’t you know any better?
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Know better=be wiser, know that it is not as it seems
or is represented; have learnt better from experience;
hence, be more prudent or discreet than to do sth.
He knows better than to do it.He is too clever to do it.
We now know better than to make such concession.
现在我们已经不至于愚笨到做这样的让步.
He should know better than to quarrel with his butter.
他不应该和自己的衣食父母作对.
You should know better at your age.
依你的年龄你不应该再做蠢事.
He is too much of a man of the world not to know better.
如此精通世事的人,当物作此事之理.
The block-head should have known his company better.
那个傻瓜要能早认清他的对方就好了.
Don’t you know any better?难道你不能放理智一点?
Misuse of some intransitive
verbs
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他不同意女儿的婚事.
He did not consent his daughter’s marriage.
(consent to)
生病是他缺席的理由.
His illness accounts his absence.
(accounts for)
那贮水池将增加本市的美观.
The reservoir will add the beauty of our city.
(add to)
我们对这样一个伟大的人逝世同感悲伤.
We all grieve the death of such a great man.
Grieve at or over
Misuse of some transitive
verbs
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你要去开会吗?
(attend the meeting, attend to= take care of)
她在做菜上要胜过我
She excels over me in cooking.
Excel me in cooking
他和一位有钱的女子结婚
He married with a rich girl .
Married a rich girl
Lexical Redundancuy Rule
词汇的必然规则
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﹡ John might will eat meat.
Might , [-N, + V , + Aux, +
infinitive]
﹡ John is will eat the meat.
Is , [-N, + V , + Aux, +-en ]
﹡ John will eaten the meat.
﹡ John is eaten the meat.
﹡ John will eating the meat.
Principle of Distance
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I made her leave.
( direct influence on her behavior)
I want her to leave.
( mental state , indirectly cause her to
leave)
I hope that she would leave.
(the linguistic distance between the two
verbs are even greater,reflection of
conceptual distance)
I help her to do things.
I help her do things.
Clauses Marked
by Infinitival or Gerundial
Clauses
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[For John to go ] would be a
mistake .
I would like [ for John to go ].
John wanted [to go ].
It’s easy [for John to say such
things.]
[ John’s going to Chicago] was a
mistake.
Tensed
John tries to win the race.
 John tried to win the race.
 John is trying to win the
race.
 John
will try to win the
race.
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Present Tense
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Contradictions exist everywhere.
No man but errs.
人非圣贤， 孰能无过？
Prides goes before a fall.
骄者比败
A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.
一鸟在手胜似二鸟在林。
A stitch in time saves nine.
小洞不补， 大洞吃苦。
Time and tide waits no man.
You will surely succeed if you try your best.
功夫不负苦心人。
Present Tense
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Darwin thinks that natural selection is the
chief factor in the development of species.
Shakespeare is the author of “Hamlet”.
Chaucer writes that love is blind.
Shelly says:“If winter comes, can spring be
far away?”
表示已故人物的言行或状态， 或引用书面语言
As the city does not have many entertaining
places to go, we treated the foreign friends
to some real Chinese food.
Does not have : 一般现在时表示这个城市长期的
客观情况， treated表示过去的某次行为动作
Simple present &Present
Progressive Tense
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Why are you wearing glasses?
Why do you wear glasses?
Linda is living with her parents.(until she
gets a better job. )
Linda lives with her parents (because it costs
her too much to live alone. )
What are you doing for Thanksgiving ?
What do you do for Thanksgiving?
I am thinking about the answer.
I think it is 144.
Simple present &Present
Progressive Tense
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She’s sick.
She is being sick. (=vomiting )
He’s a careful person.
He’s being careful.
He is very kind.
He is being kind.
He is lying reading.
He often lies reading.(habitual action)
The music sounds sweet.
Why is the driver sounding his horn?
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I was wondering if you could help me.
I was hoping you could send me thePast
book.
Tense
I’d rather you were going at
once.(Subjunctive )
She was forever complaining about the
weather.(emotion)
She complained about the weather.
Care killed the cat.(eternal truth)忧能伤人
世人相信猫由九条命,可是忧虑都能使它丧命,何况
是人呢?劝人不要忧虑
Men were deceivers ever.(from Much Ado About
nothing by Shakespeare)
Faint heart never won fair lady.
胆小的人决找不到漂亮的太太.
The course of true love never did run
Present Perfect Tense
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He is the stingiest man I have ever met.
He is the stingiest man I ever met.
He is the most thoughtful, considerate, and
sentimental man I have ever known.
他是我所认识的最能体贴别人,考虑周到,感情真
挚的人.
This is the most violent form of exercise
I’ve ever taken.
Present Perfect Tense&
Present Perfect Progressive
Tense
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I have been visiting my grandparents.（可能还
在继续）
I have visited my great-grandmother.(以前的事）
I have been teaching for 25 years. (and I can
not imagine doing anything else. )
I have taught for 25 years. (so now I cannot
think about doing anything else. )
现在完成进行时一般都暗示动作继续下去， 除非有
分句对此加以否定。
I have been teaching for 25 years, but now I
want to do something else.
Simple Past &Present Perfect
Tense
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Sheila has joined the Sierra Club.
Shelia joined the Sierra Club.
如果她加入时间相同， 但是现在完成时更多的是与
我们以现在的角度去看待这个事件， 而不是与事件
发生的实际时间相关。
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My father lived here all his life. (implies
the father has left or is dead. )
My father has lived here all his life. ( The
Father still lives there.)
I have been to Japan twice already, but I
still do not speak much Japanese,
现在完成时的作用“设置背景”。
Simple Past &Past
Progressive Tense
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He was drowning in the lake, so the
lifeguard raced into the water. (未完成）
He drowned in the lake. （完成）
He left when I came in.
He was leaving when I came in. (and so may
have changed his mind and stayed.
Past Perfect Tense
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I had intended to call on you yesterday, but
someone came to see me just when I was about
to leave .( intended to have called on )
We had meant to tell her the news but found
that she wasn’t in. (=meant to have told)
Later she explained :“I had thought that he
had died ten years ago, but now I know that
he is still living.”
He had wanted to help you but he had no time
then.
He had been inclined to be an artist.
You had better have gone there with her.
Comparison
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I should like to visit the island.
(present desire, future action)
I should like to have visited the island.
(present regret for not having visited
it)
I should have liked to have visited the
island. (an unfulfilled past desire)
Future Tense
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I shall sail for the desert island. (future simple )
I will sail for the desert island. (volition)
I am to sail for the desert island. (arranged,formal)
I am about to sail for the desert island.
I am on the point of sailing for the desert island.
(an immediate action)
I shall be sailing for the desert island.(more casual,
more intimate)
You are going to regret this.(a threat)你要后悔的
You’ll regret this. Be going to比 will 语气要强
You are going to see much better with your new
glasses .(带上这副眼镜就会看得更清楚)
We’re going to show you the town while you’re here.
语气中可以听出来,他们已有准备,有计划的要带客人去观光
当地的名胜古迹
Be about to /be going to
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She looked up at him quickly, and was
about to speak, but apparently changed her
mind.
“You were going to say----?”
She shook her head hesitantly, and looked
at him again-- a long, searching scrutiny.
她很快地抬头望着他,好像想要说什么似的,可是
显然她又不想说什么.“刚才你不是想说什么话
吗?”她犹豫得摇着头,又望着他---长久而又详审
地
Be going to 表示主观感情
Look at these extracts form two letters. Underline
those words and phrases which refer to the future and
discuss ways in which you might classify them:From
the Challenge And Change in Language Teaching by Jane
Willis &Dave Willis 2002: 97
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Extract A
I would like to confirm that the British
Council will contribute £500 towards your
visit to Singapore to this year’s RELC
Seminar. Our Specialist Tours Department
should contact you within a week or so with
details of payment. Please let me know as
soon as you have fixed your travel plans so
I can make sure your are properly looked
after on arrival.
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Extract B
I am planning to make arrangements to
arrive on Sunday April 21st and to leave
pm April 30th or am May 1st. I have been
in touch with the British Council
Washington about the payment for the
ticket and I am hoping to finalize those
details this week.
I do not know yet whether I shall be
staying with Vijay Bhatia. I’ll let you
know as soon as I have heard from him.
Key explanation
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There are a number of expected references to the
future such as the modals will; should; can; shall.
There are less predicted ones like the present
perfect (as soon as you have fixed; as soon as I
have heard); present simple (you are properly
looked after). There are four expressions which
focus on the future ( I would like to; I am
planning to; make arrangements to; I am hoping to).
The prepositional phrase on arrival clearly refers
to the future. The word yet in I do not know yet
clearly has the implications for future action.
Tense Agreement
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Mother told me that honesty is the best policy.
Mary told Father that Jack is always finding fault
with her.
The foreign guests told me that they had learnt a lot
during their stay in China.
They learned that President Lincoln led the American
Civil War.
If you don’t come tomorrow , I will go to your house
and find out why you’re not at work.
I will have a good time whether I win or lose.
I respect you now and always will.
She never can nor shall forget your goodness.
The man who marries his daughter will need to be
tough, fast-moving, and quick-thinking.
Used to and Would
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After he had finished his work, he would
read and study by the fireworks.
He would sit for hours, book in his hand.
Sometimes the boys would play a trick on
their teachers.
He used to play tennis before marriage.
People used to think that the sun went
round the earth.
When I was a boy, I used to like eat
chocolate.
There used to be some trees in this
field,use(d)n’t <didn’t> there?
Ought, need, dare
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You ought not promise what you cannot perform.
Have you not paid him? You ought to have paid
him.
Has he succeeded? Such an idle fellow ought
not to have succeeded.
It need not be true.(auxiliary)
You need not be rich to help others.
You need not have given you so mush trouble.
We lay still, scarcely daring to breathe.
He could plan what another man dare not do,
and he could do what another dare not plan.
How dare you say such rude things about him?
I have never dared (to)speak to him.
MEGAFEPS by 钱歌川1981：175
M(mind, miss),E(enjoy),G(give up),A
(admit),F(finish),E(escape),P(practice),S(stop)
（霉咖啡不是)
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The teacher did not mind explaining the problem
again.
You cannot miss seeing the statue on your way.
We enjoyed talking about old times.
I gave up smoking last month.
The man admitted having broken into the house.
You have avoid calling on others on Sundays.
Have you finished studying for your examination?
By some means or other he escaped being punished.
You should practice playing the piano regularly.
As long as you live , your heart never stops beating.
Remember
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I do not remember your name. (想起)
I shall always remember your kindness. (记忆)
Remember me to your mother.(致意)
Remember a child on its birthday. (送小孩生日
礼物)
Remember the waiter.(支付侍者小费)
My uncle remembered me in his will. (…在遗嘱
中分遗产给我)
I remember seeing him once.
I remember that I saw him.
I remember to have seen him once.
I remember to see him tomorrow.
I remember that I must see him tomorrow.
Ex. Rewrite the following sentences after the model,
emphasizing the italicized parts by putting them
at the
beginning of the sentence..
Model: Developing a meaningful philosophy of life is
important than ever.
less
Less important than ever is developing a
meaningful philosophy of life.
1. They will give up the plan on no account.
On no account will they give up the plan.
2. He knows little how much his parents love him.
Little does he know how much his parents love him.
3. He did not realize what a serous mistake he had
made until he read the report.
Not until he read the report did he realize what a
serious mistake he had made.
4. The poor old man could hardly fall asleep with a
pain in his leg.
Hardly could the poor old man fall asleep with a
pain in his leg.
5.
We
will
give
in
to
their
demands
under
conditions.
Under no conditions will we give in to their
demands.
no
Exercises: Translation
p:235
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1. We shall start off as soon as the
rain stops.
2. I shall ring you up directly I hear
the news.
3. If you are leaving early tomorrow
morning, you will have to finish packing
before bedtime.
4. The committee are to gather next
Thursday to settle matter.
5. He is not to stay her any longer. He
is to leave at once.
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7. He told me yesterday that he was going to
get married next month.
8. He announced at the press conference that
the prime minister of Japan was to visit China
next Monday.
9. If you go and see him at six, he will be
taking morning exercises.
10. What will you be doing at 7:30 tomorrow
evening?
11. When you come back from Nanjing next week,
the discussion will have finished.
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12. By next weekend, I shall have been here
for a whole year.
13. Don’t get off the bus till it stops.
14. They are going to spend their holidays in
Dalian next summer.
15. Look! The dark clouds are gathering. It
is going to rain.
16. If I am at lunch when he comes, please
tell him to wait for a while.
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17. We shall stay here for a couple of days
before we go on to Xian.
18. We are having our dress rehearsal
tomorrow evening. Are you coming?
19. How many students are going? Are they
going by boat?
20. The Foreign Ministers were to have met
on May 14 to discuss the proposals for
easing the crisis but the war broke out.