Transcript Class Session 9a Lecture (7/11/12)

Class Session 9a
Chapter 5
•
Japanese Verb Forms (location in sentence)
•
The Plain and Polite Verb Forms
•
The Stem Form and the Polite Suffix
•
The Present and Past Verb Forms
•
Affirmative and Negative Verb Forms
•
Verbs of Coming and Going
•
Polite Present Forms
•
Places You Often Go
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Japanese Verb Forms
• Japanese verbs:
Are always placed at the end of a sentence
Are conjugated based on the speech style, tense, and whether it is affirmative
or negative
• Verb conjugations are based on verb stems + suffixes
• Most of the verb forms can be derived easily from one of the basic forms by adding
one or more suffixes
• Compared to verbs in many other languages, Japanese verbs tend to more regular in
adherence to rules of grammatical construction
• There are only two irregular verbs in Japanese
• There are only two tenses for Japanese verbs: past and non-past
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The Plain and Polite Verb Forms
• The short form of a Japanese verb is called the plain form and is used in informal
conversation
• The long form of a Japanese verb is called the polite form and is used in neutral or
polite conversation
• Example:
• iku (to go)
is in the plain present (short) affirmative form
• ikimasu
is in the polite present (long) affirmative form
•
The plain form is also used in some grammatical constructions even when they
are used
in neutral or polite conversation (so, you must know both forms)
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The Stem Form and the Polite Suffix
• The polite form of a verb is the combination of the stem form and the polite suffix
• The stem form of the verb iku is iki and -masu is the polite suffix in present
affirmative form
• The polite present negative suffix is –masen
• Examples:
ikimasu
(I) will go (there)
ikimasen
(I) will not go (there)
•The stem form is often called “pre-masu” form because it is the form that
precedes
-masu (or the form to which you add –masu)
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The Present and Past Verb Forms
• The present tense expresses a habitual OR future action (or non-past tense)
• The past tense expresses an action that has already happened
• The past counterparts for iku and ikimasu
itta
(I) went
ikimashita
(I) went
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Affirmative and Negative Verb Forms
• Japanese verbs conjugate based on whether or not they are affirmative or negative
• iku is affirmative; its negative is ikanai
• ikimasu is affirmative; its negative is ikimasen
• Verbs are listed in (most) dictionaries in the plain present affirmative form.
• The verb “to go” is listed as iku in a Japanese dictionary
• The plain present affirmative form is also called “the dictionary form”
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Verbs of Coming and Going
• The verbs for coming and going are used frequently in describing one’s daily activities
• iku
means to go
• kuru means to come
• kaeru means to return
• kaeru is used when one goes back to his base place such as home, dorm, or office
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Polite Present Forms
• Polite present forms of verbs of coming and going
Polite Present
Affirmative
iku (go)
Polite Present
Negative
ikimasu
ikimasen
kuru (come)
kimasu
kimasen
kaeru (return)
kaerimasu
kaerimasen
• We will discuss the verb conjugation mechanism in Chapter 7
• As mentioned earlier the present tense actually expresses a future tense (especially
with a furure time word) or habitual action (especially with an adverb)
• ashita ikimasu.
I will go (there) tomorrow.
• yoku ikimasu.
I go (there) often.
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Places You Often Go
• Places where people frequently go to study, work, or do other things:
kōkō
high school
daigaku
univesity, college
kurasu
class
kaisha
company
yūbinkyoku
post office
byōin
hospital
ginkō
bank
sūpā
supermarket
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