Transcript Hyphen

Hyphens and Apostrophes
By Ellyn Ball and Lilly Jenkins
• A hyphen (-) is used to combined some numbers and
some word parts and to show a connection between
syllables of words that are broken at the end of lines.
• Some compound numbers and fractions require the use of
the hyphen.
• Use a hyphen when writing out compound numbers from
twenty-one through ninety-nine.
• Example:
• Before she fell asleep, Tracy counted to fifty-nine.
• We bought twenty-five tickets for the game.
Hyphens for Numbers
• Use a hyphen when writing fractions that are used as
adjectives.
• Example: A two-thirds vote of approval was necessary.
• When a fraction is used as a noun, do not hyphen.
• Example: Two thirds of the players come from Florida.
• Hyphens are also used to separate certain prefixes and suffixes.
The next two rules govern the use of hyphens with prefixes and
suffixes.
Hyphens for Numbers
• Use a hyphen after a prefix that is followed by a proper
noun or adjective.
• Example:
• The softball tournament take place in mid-July.
• The pro-Atlantic fans sat together in the stands.
• There are three prefixes and one suffix that always
requires the use of hyphens.
• Use a hyphen in words with the prefixes all-, ex-, and –
self-, and in words with the suffix –elect.
Using Hyphens for Word Parts and
Compound Words
• Examples: all-powered
self-employed
•
ex-football player
president-elect
• In many instances, compound words also require the use of
hyphens.
• A hyphen is used to connect two or more nouns that are used as
one compound word. Compound nouns are written in several
ways.
• One word: ballplayer, footstep, earthquake
• Separate words: seat belt, sweet potato, time limit
• With Hyphens: son-in-law, great-grandmother, six-year-olds
Using Hyphens for Word Parts and
Compound Words
• Use a hyphen to connect a compound modifier that comes before a
noun.
• In a compound modifier, the hyphen shows that the first modifier
describes the second modifier, not the noun.
• Examples:
• The team used a full-court press to slow down the opposing players.
• The seven well-fed puppies curled up together for a nap.
• Sometimes, a compound modifier comes after a noun. Generally, no
hyphen is needed in this situation.
• Example:
• The never-ending sound of cheering thrilled the players.
• The sound of cheering was never ending.
Using Hyphens for Word Parts and Compound
Words
• However, it may be wise to consult a dictionary when you are
using compound modifiers after nouns.
• Examples:
• The happy-go-lucky goalie rarely worries.
• The goalie is happy-go-lucky.
• You should also remember as a final rule to writing compound
modifiers: do not use a hyphen with a compound modifier that
includes a word ending in –ly, or in a compound proper adjective
or a compound proper noun acting as an adjective.
• Incorrect: poorly-written letter South -American tourist
• Correct: poorly written letter
South American tourist
Using Hyphens for Word Parts and
Compound Words
• Hyphens serves a useful purpose when they are used to divide words
at the end of a line. They should not, however, be used more often than
is necessary. Following are several rules that determine how to divide a
word at the end of a line.
• The first rule for dividing words at the end of a line is the most
important rule for you to remember and use whenever you divide
words.
• If a word must be divided, always divide it between syllables.
• Example:
•
The coach’s pep talks, usually quite inspiring,
•
are often characterized by wild hand ges•
tures and frequent shouts.
Rules for Dividing Words at the
End of a Line
• In addition to the preceding rule, other details also affect
division. As the following example indicates, a hyphen used to
divide a word should never be placed at the beginning of the
second line. It must be placed at the end of the first line.
• Example:
• Incorrect:
To make one large room, knock down the par
•
-tition.
• Correct:
To make one large room, knock down the par•
tition.
Rules for Dividing Words at
the End of a Line
• One syllable words should never be divided, even if they seem long or
look like two syllable words.
• fif-th (incorrect)
fifth (correct)
• When a one syllable word does not fit at the end of a line, just leave the
space and write the word, without a hyphen, on the next line.
• Avoid dividing a word so a single letter stands alone.
• A-lone, i-dle (incorrect)
• Avoid dividing proper nouns or proper adjectives.
• Eliza-beth (incorrect) Ger-man (incorrect)
• Divide a hyphenated word only immediately following the existing
hyphen.
• It was a post-sea-son soccer game. (incorrect) , It was a post-season
soccer game.
Hyphens Rules
• Round Table (Kagan p6.34; use selector tool)
• Write down different ways a hyphen is used.
Quick Check
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The apostrophe (‘) is used mainly in two situations:
To show possession in nouns and pronouns or
To indicate missing letters in contractions.
Add an apostrophe with nouns to show ownership. Add an
apostrophe and s to show possessive case of most singular nouns.
Example: the bat of the player becomes the player’s bat
Even when a singular noun already ends in s, an apostrophe and s
should usually be added to show possession.
Examples: The shape of the lens becomes the lens's shape
The impact of loss becomes the loss’s impact
Using Apostrophes to form Possessive
Nouns
• Add just an apostrophe to show the possessive case of plural
nouns ending in s or es.
• Example: The buzzing of the bees becomes the bees’ buzzing.
• The flavor of the strawberries becomes the strawberries’ flavor.
• Forming the possessive of plural nouns that do not already end
in s requires a different rule.
• Add an apostrophe and s to show the possessive case of plural
nouns that do not end in s or es.
• Example: The tournament of women becomes the women’s
tournament.
• The game of the children becomes the children’s game.
Using Apostrophes to form Possessive
Nouns
• The following two steps can help you decide where to place the
apostrophe and whether an s is needed when you form possessives.
• First, determine the owner quality or object involved. Ask yourself, “To
whom does it belong?”
• Second, if the answer to this question is a singular noun, follow the rule
for forming singular possessives. If the answer is a plural noun, follow
the rules for forming plural possessives.
• If you use the phrase the mountains beauty, ask yourself, “To what does
the beauty belong?” If the answer is the “the mountain,” then the
possessive is singular: the mountain’s beauty.
• If the answer is “the mountains,” then the possessive is plural: the
mountains’ beauty.
Using Apostrophes to form Possessive
Nouns
• Rally Robin
• You and your partner put the apostrophe in the correct
spot and label the nouns as S for singular and P for plural.
• Trainer
gymnasts
• Softballs
team
• Racket
athletes
• Feet
muscle
• Goals
toss
• Trophies
track
Quick Check
• Both indefinite and personal pronouns can indicate possession. Here are
two rules to follow to show possession.
• Use an apostrophe and s with indefinite pronouns to show possession.
• Examples: everyone’s plan
each one’s decision
• Do not use an apostrophe with possessive personal pronouns.
• The following personal pronouns show possession: my, mine, your, yours,
his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their and theirs. Some of these pronouns are
generally used as adjectives.
• Example: Your batting stance is unusual.
• Others can be used as subjects, direct objects and subject compliments.
• Example: Give me mine
• Whatever the use, a possessive personal pronoun should never include an
apostrophe.
Using Apostrophes with Pronouns
• Contractions are shortened forms of words or phrases.
• Remember that you should avoid using contractions in formal speaking or
writing.
• Use an apostrophe in a contraction to indicate a missing letter or letters.
Common Contractions with Verbs
Verb + not
are not (aren’t) did not (didn’t)
Is not (isn’t)
was not (wasn’t)
should not (shouldn’t)
cannot (can’t)
Pronoun + the verb will
I will (I’ll)
he will (he’ll)
You will (you’ll) we will (we’ll)
Pronoun or noun + the verb
be
I am ( I’m) you are (you’re)
He is (he’s) we are (we’re)
Pronoun or noun + the verb
would
I would (I’d) Penny would (Penny’d) he would (he’d)
You would (you’d) they would (they’d)
she will (she’ll)
who will (who’ll)
they are (they’re)
Andy is (Andy’s)
Using Apostrophes with Contractions
• Questions?
Quick Check
 On the left side of your interactive notebook,
list one of each kind of Hyphen and
Apostrophe learned today (do not use any
examples given today). Make sure to
illustrate and color code.
You Do