Transcript lots/ a lot
Unit 14 – Presentation 1 • What are Determiners? “a broad category of the English grammar that contains many subcategories in it, e.g. demonstrative & indefinite pronouns, articles, etc” Which are the Indefinite Pronouns? 1. some positive meaning its derivatives: somebody/ someone, something, somewhere affirmative sentences (but also in qu’s: a. offering sth OR b. expecting a positive answer) a) some + singular countable noun b) some + cardinal number other uses c) some + question word/ noun adverbs d) cardinal number + -something Which are the Indefinite Pronouns? 2. any neutral meaning its derivatives: anybody/ anyone, anything, anywhere interrogative & negative sentences (but also in aff. sent’s: a. with if or expressing doubt & b. with a change of meaning) a) any + question word/ noun adverbs other uses b) any + comparative adj./ adv. Which are the Indefinite Pronouns? 3. no its derivatives: nobody/ no-one, nothing, nowhere strong negative meaning affirmative sentences but turns them into negative other uses a) no + comparative adj./ adv. Notes on the Indefinite ‘no’ 1. Don’t confuse it with the adverb no that is used in negative answers. e.g. ‘Are you happy at your new place?’ ‘Well, no, not exactly.’ 2. Following the ‘no double negative’ rule, it can’t be used with not, hardly/ scarcely, seldom/ rarely, without. Which are these ‘Quantity’ Words? Type of Noun positive Countable Uncountable lots/ a lot of interrogative negative (how) many? (not) many (how) much? (not) much NOTE: lots/ a lot (of)/ many ≠ few/ a few (few: negative meaning) lots/ a lot (of)/ much ≠ little/ a little (little: negative meaning) Much, many also in affirmative sentences when they are (parts of) the subject or for brevity. A lot (of) also in negative (short) answers for euphony/ emphasis. Near synonyms to lots/ a lot (of): plenty (of), a good/ great deal (of), a large amount/ quantity/ number (of). Other Uses of ‘Quantity’ Words I a) much + comparative adj.’s/ adv.’s OR ‘too’ emphatic comparative/ result construction b) much + participle new compound adjective c) much + as + subject + verb special concession (mainly with verbs of like/ dislike, praise/ criticism Other Uses of ‘Quantity’ Words II d) many + a(n) + (adj.) + singular noun emphatic form of the commoner many + plural countable noun e) in phrases meaning lots/ a lot (of) a good many, a great many f) a lot + comparative emphatic comparative No/ Neither/ None 1. no + noun adj. ≠ a(n)/ some/ any e.g. no friend of mine will testify against me. 2. nobody/ no-one no + body/ one pronoun ≠ a(n)/ somebody/ anybody, someone/ anyone – an answer to ‘who’ 3. neither (of the two) adj. OR pronoun ≠ both/ either – an answer to ‘which’ (of the two) 4. none (of three or more) quantitative pronoun ≠ everyone/ everybody/ everything/ all – an answer to ‘how much/ many’ Notes on no/ neither/ none & their opposites All of the words in the previous slide: a) refer to one person or thing at a time & b) are found with a singular verb, except for: some/ any, which could have a plural in cases & both/ all, which are always found in plural with this meaning. Every/ Each/ All 1. every singular countable noun adjective – Exception: in time phrases e.g. every 3 months 2. each sing. countable noun adj. OR + (of) pronoun a) sing. (un)count. noun adj. b) plural count. noun adj. 3. all c) other determiners + noun predeterminer d) (of) as a pronoun e.g. All was quiet and peaceful. e) as an adverb e.g. all alone Other/ Others/ Else 1. other noun adjective 2. an + other another adjective OR pronoun 3. the other(s) pronouns 4. else pronoun OR adverb What are the Reflexive Pronouns? They are the –self form of the possessive adj.’s (for the 1st & 2nd persons, singular & plural) and of the accusative case personal pronouns (for the 3rd persons, also singular & plural). myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves How are the Reflexive Pronouns used? In 3 different ways: a) they form the Middle Voice by replacing the object of an active/ action verb. b) as emphatic forms of the subject or object (without replacing them). c) preceded by the preposition by, they mean alone/ on my own. Opposites: each other/ one another.