Transcript have to

Inglês
Modal Verbs
Class – 13/08/2009 – Modal Verbs
Apostila 1 - Pages 37, 38
Apostila 2 – Pages 39, 40
For more information on modal verbs and further practice, check the related
links:
1) http://www.englishpage.com/modals/modalintro.html
2) http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.htm
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Modal Verbs
Inglês
Modal Verbs
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs – they are used with other main verbs.
Modal verbs are can, could, will, would, may, might, shall, should, and
must.
Note these important rules:
-Two modal verbs cannot be put together
-(NOT He can will meet you tomorrow)
- Modal verbs are followed by the infinitive without to
-(NOT He must to meet you tomorrow)
-Modals do not have third person –s
-(NOT He cans meet you tomorrow)
- Modals do not form tenses with –ing, -ed etc.
-(NOT I’m sorry I canned not meet you yesterday)
-Modals use inversion in questions (like the verb be), not do, does
-(NOT Do can you meet me tomorrow? )
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Modal Verbs
Modals show the speaker’s attitude
or feelings about a situation. For
example how probable or necessary
something is, or that the speaker is
offering or requesting something. The
same modal verb can be used in
different ways with different
meanings – you only know from the
situation.
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Modal Verbs
We use will and won’t when we are certain
about something in the future. Study this
table of probability:
100% - certainty – will
95 – 100% deduction – must, can’t
80% - expectation – should
30% - 70% - uncertainty may, might, could
0% - certainty – won’t
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Modal Verbs
To talk about ability or permission we use can and can’t (or cannot
in formal writing)
I can play the piano, but I can’t sing.
Can I borrow your laptop?
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Modal Verbs
Now, ask your friend if he or she can do these things:
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Modal Verbs
Use can to ask for permission in the following situations:
Example: You want to smoke in the cinema
a) You want to sit down
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Modal Verbs
b) You’d like another drink
c) You need to talk to your boss in
private
d) You are anxious to see
your friend’s photos
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Modal Verbs
We sometimes use be able to instead of can, given it is a
synonym for this modal. Be able to forms tenses.
Example: Will you be able to help me move my furniture
tomorrow?
However, the past of the modal can is could. We also use it to
ask for permission in a polite way, as you can see in the
pictures below:
Could I have the
menu, please?
Could you open
your suitcase,
please?
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Modal Verbs
Ability
Present – can
Past – could
Future – will be able
to
Request
Very informal –
can
Informal – could
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Modal Verbs
We use may, might and could for uncertainty, as well
as for asking permission. Notice that like happens
with the modal verbs can and could, may is also the
present form of the modal might when it is being used
for permission. Also, the verb might expresses a more
remote possibility than may.
Ex: I may not have time to finish tonight. (I don’t
know)
President Jones might win the next election. (It’s
possible)
I may/might have some news for you next week.
(perhaps I will)
He could be stuck in the traffic. (perhaps he is)
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Modal Verbs
Ask permission to do things in the following situations. Use may in all of them.
You are in the classroom and you want to go to the lavatory.
You are watching an uninteresting TV program with your parents and you
want to switch the channel.
You have just had a bad cold and you want to eat an ice cream.
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Modal Verbs
Use may to express possibility in all of these situations:
Ex: Perhaps your uncle and aunt will stay with you for a few days next week.
My uncle and my aunt may stay with me for a few days next week.
a) Perhaps Betty won’ t come to your birthday party next weekend.
b) Perhaps Mr. stone will give you a raise in your salary.
c) Perhaps they will never
find the cure for Aids.
d) Perhaps they will cancel the
show if it rains.
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Modal Verbs
Use might to express remote possibility.
Ex: Maybe on day Little Tommy might be the
president.
One day Little Tommy might be the next
president.
a) Maybe you will be a rich man in future.
b) Maybe scientists will find life on another
planet one day.
c) Maybe Japan will win the Football World
Cup next year.
d) Maybe dishonest politicians will go to jail
one of these days.
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Modal Verbs
Permission
Present – may
Past – might
Possibility
Reasonable –
(50%) - may
Remote – (10%)
– might
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Modal Verbs
We use must or have to to explain that something is
necessary.
Ex: I must finish my homework before 8 p.m.
I have to phone Jan at 9 .p.m.
In writing there is no real difference between must and have
to . In speech there is a small difference:
We use have to when the situation makes something
necessary, for example because of officials rules:
At our school we have to wear a uniform.
Every player in a football team has to have a number.
When the traffic lights are red, we have to stop.
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Modal Verbs
We use must when the speaker personally feels that
something is important.
You really must stop working so hard and try to relax.
You must be here by 8 a.m., or the bus will leave without you.
• In their negative forms, however, mustn’t and don’t have to
have different meanings. Mustn't describes an action that is
prohibited/forbidden.
Ex: You mustn’t cross the road when the red light is showing.
Don't have to describes an action that is not necessary – you
have a choice.
Ex: You don’t have to turn on the central heating. It’s
automatic.
Note: must not expresses prohibition, whereas need not
expresses no necessity.
Ex: You needn’t show them your ID to get into that nightclub .
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Modal Verbs
We use should and shouldn’t to give an
opinion about what is the best thing to do.
When we speak to another person our
opinion becomes advice.
I think the police should arrest hooligans.
I think you should talk to your teacher about
it.
We also use should when we expect that
something will happen:
They should arrive here at about 6.30.
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Modal Verbs
• We can use ought to and ought not to in
the same way as should and shouldn’t.
Ought to is not as common as should and is
a little more formal.
I think you ought to talk to your teacher
about it.
• Note that with think in the negative , we
use I don't think + should rather than the
negative forms of should and ought to.
I don’t think you should/ ought to go.
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Modal Verbs
Necessity
Prohibition No
necessity
Advice
Present –
must
Past – had
to
Must not
Should not
Need not