Transcript Grammar Review

Class 10 Grammar
Fall 2005
What you will need to
know for the quiz:
Clauses
Phrases
Need to review?
• Four kinds of sentences
• Four kinds of complements
Irregular Verbs:
to lie vs. to lay
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Review
Kinds of Sentences
Complements
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Four Kinds of Sentences
1. Simple Sentence
2. Compound Sentence
3. Complex Sentence
4. Compound-Complex Sentence
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1. Simple Sentence
Definition: a sentence that contains a main
(or independent) clause—a subject and
verb (or predicate)
Example:
Kate ran to the restaurant.
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2. Compound Sentence
Definition: a sentence that contains two or
more main (or independent) clauses and no
subordinate (or dependent) clauses
Example:
Kate ran to the restaurant, and Caleb
walked.
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3. Complex Sentence
Definition: a sentence that contains one
main (or independent) clause and at least
one subordinate (or dependent) clause
Example:
Crying out loud, Kate ran to the
restaurant.
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4. Compound-Complex
Sentence
Definition: a sentence that contains at least
two main (or independent) clauses and one
or more subordinate (or dependent) clauses
Example:
Crying out loud, Kate ran to the
restaurant, and Caleb walked.
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Complements
Definition:
a word or words used to complete the sense
of a verb.
Click here for four types.
Click here for complements tree.
Four Types of Complements
1. Predicate noun (subject complement):
Rhoda became a star.
2. Predicate adjective:
Betty was courageous.
3. Direct Object:
Janet loves Jill.
4. Indirect Object:
Give me the hammer, please.
Question for review: Which are linking verbs?
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Sentences one and two
contain linking verbs:
Rhoda became a star.
Betty was courageous.
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Clauses
MAIN
SUBORDINATE
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Main Clause
Definition: All sentences include a main
clause (or independent clause)—
that is, a subject and a verb.
Example:
The dog jumped over the plate.
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Subordinate Clauses
Adjective
Adverb
Noun
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Adjective Clause
Definition: a subordinate (or dependent)
clause that functions as adjective (tells
more about the noun)
Example:
Hilda, who hated all things fuzzy, hugged a
little bunny.
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Adverb Clause
Definition: a subordinate (or dependent)
clause that functions as adverb (tells the
when, why, how, where, under what
condition)
Example:
Before we go, I must put on my shoes.
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Noun Clause
Definition: a subordinate (or dependent)
clause that functions as noun
(as subject, direct object, indirect object,
subject complement,object of preposition,
or appositive)
Click here for kinds of noun clauses.
Back to kinds of subordinate clauses.
Kinds of Noun Clauses
as subject
as direct object
as predicate noun
(or subject complement)
as indirect object
As object of preposition
as appositive
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Noun Clause: As Subject
That it snowed surprised me.
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Noun Clause:
As Predicate Noun
(or Subject Complement)
The question was how to
cross the bridge.
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Noun Clause:
As Object of Preposition
You give the drum to
whoever wants it.
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Noun Clause:
As Direct Object
Chapin girls know that reading
is fun.
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Noun Clause:
As Indirect Object
Sally told whoever was nearby
her story about the fish.
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Noun Clause: As Appositive
My teacher’s wish that I
become a lifelong lover of
literature could happen.
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Phrases
PREPOSITIONAL
VERBAL
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Phrases: Verbals
Infinitive
Participial
Gerund
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Infinitive Phrase
Definition: a group of words consisting of
an infinitive and all the words related to it
(an infinitive is a verb form that can be
used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb).
An infinitive usually begins with “to.”
Click here for kinds of infinitive phrases.
Question for review:
What is the infinitive alone?
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to speak
(the infinitive)
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Kinds of Infinitive Phrases
as subject
as direct object
as predicate noun
(or subject complement)
as appositive
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Infinitive Phrase: As Subject
To snow hard is a wonder.
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Infinitive Phrase:
As Predicate Noun
(or Subject Complement)
The trick was to carry the egg
slowly.
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Infinitive Phrase:
As Direct Object
Chapin girls like to study hard.
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Infinitive Phrase:
As Appositive
My teacher’s wish to climb
Bear Mountain could
happen.
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Prepositional Phrase
Definition: a group of words consisting of
a preposition, a noun or pronoun that
serves as the object of the prep., and any
modifiers of that object (they can function
as adjective or adverb in a sentence)
Example: Brenda the brave, in blue jeans
(adj.), screeched with laughter (adv.).
Question for review:
Where is the appositive?
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On the ferris wheel Brenda the brave
screeched with laughter.
(the appositive)
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Participial Phrase
Definition: a group of words consisting of
a participle and words related to it (a
participle is a verb form that is used as an
adjective—present ends in -ing; past ends
in -ed or -en)
Click here for examples.
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Participial Phrase:
Examples (present and past)
Tapping my foot, I looked out the
window with longing.
Filled with anger, the woman stormed
into the building.
Question #1 for review:
What are the participles alone?
Question #2 to test your knowledge
of gerunds vs. participles.
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of participial phrase.
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tapping
(present participle)
filled
(past participle)
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Gerund Phrase
Definition: a group of words consisting of
a gerund and words related to it (a gerund
is a verb form that ends in -ing—not to be
confused with present participles!—and
functions as a noun)
Click here for kinds of gerund phrases.
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Which is the gerund?
Which is the participle?
Walking on my tiptoes is fun.
Walking down the street that windy
day, I wished I took the bus.
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Participle:
Walking down the street that
windy day, I wished I took the
bus.
Gerund:
Walking on my tiptoes is fun.
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Kinds of Gerund Phrases
as subject
as direct object
as predicate noun
(or subject complement)
as indirect object
as object of preposition
as appositive
Back to definition of gerund.
Gerund Phrase: As Subject
Running in water is good for
your legs.
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Gerund Phrase:
As Predicate Noun
(or Subject Complement)
Her hope was getting a good
seat.
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Gerund Phrase:
As Object of Preposition
You’ll need shoes for
walking through the mud.
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Gerund Phrase:
As Direct Object
I love playing the piano.
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Gerund Phrase:
As Indirect Object
She gave playing the
piano a chance.
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Gerund Phrase:
As Appositive
Mary’s role, playing Nora in
A Doll House, was a great
opportunity for her.
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To Lay: to put, place
• Present: I lay, you lay, she lays, etc.
• Past: I laid, you laid, etc.
• Present perfect: I have laid, you have
laid, etc.
• Past progressive: I was laying, you
were laying, etc.
To Lie
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To Lie: to recline
• Present: I lie, you lie, she lies, etc.
• Past: I lay, you lay, etc.
• Present perfect: I have lain, you have
lain, etc.
• Past progressive: I was lying, you were
lying, etc.
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Is this correct?
The old man lay on the couch.
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Yes!
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Click here for clauses.