Transcript too

*Affirmative Agreement
When indicating that one person pr thing does something
and then adding that another does the same. Use the word
so or too. To avoid needless repetition of words from the
affirmative statement, use the conjunction and followed by
a simple statement using so or too. The order of this
statement will depend on whether so or too is used.
1. When a form of the verb be is used in the main clause,
the same tense of the verb be is used in the simple
statement that follows.
affirmative statement (be) + and + subject + verb (be) + too
so + verb (be) + subject
e.g. I am happy. You are happy
- I am happy and you are too
- I am happy and so are you
2. When a compound verb (auxiliary + verb), for example,
will go, should do, has done, have written, must
examine, etc. occurs in the main clause, the auxiliary of
the main verb is used in the simple statement, and the
subject and verb must agree.
Affirmative statement + and + subject + auxiliary only + too
so + auxiliary only + subject
e.g. They will work in the lab tomorrow. You will work in the
lab tomorrow.
- They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
- They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
3. When any verb except be appears without any
auxiliaries in the main clause, the auxiliary do, does, or
did is used in simple statement. The subject and verb
must agree and the tense must be the same.
Affirmative statement + and + subject + do, does, or did + too
(single verb except be)
so + do, does, or did + subject
e.g. Jane goes to that school. My sister goes to school
- Jane goes to school and my sister does too
- Jane goes to school and so does my sister
*Negative Agreement
Either and Neither function in simple statements much like
so and too in affirmative sentences. However, either and
neither are used to indicate negative agreement. The same
rules for auxiliaries, be and do, does, or did apply.
Negative statement + and + subject + negative auxiliary or be + either
neither + positive auxiliary + subject
e.g. I didn’t see Mary this morning. John didn’t see Mary
this morning.
- I didn’t see Mary this morning and John didn’t either
- I didn’t see Mary this morning and neither did John
She hasn’t seen the movie yet. I haven’t seen the
movie yet.
- she hasn’t seen the movie yet and I haven’t either
- she hasn’t seen the movie yet and neither have I
Exercise
Fill the blanks with the correct form of too, so, either and neither
1. They will leave at noon, and I will _____
2. He has an early appointment, and _____ have I
3. The children shouldn’t take that medicine , and ______ should she
4. Rose likes to fly, and her brother does _____
5. We don’t plan to attend the concert, and ______ do they
6. I don’t like tennis, and he doesn’t ______
7. She has already written her composition, and _____ has her
8. She didn’t see anyone she knew, and _____ did Tim
9. We can’t study in the library, and they can’t _____
10. I have worked there long, and _____ have you
Exercise
Supply the correct form of the missing verb.
1. Their plane is arriving at nine o’clock, and so _____ mine
2. You didn’t pay the rent, and she ____ either
3. Your class hasn’t begun yet, and neither ____ mine
4. Our Spanish teacher loves to travel, and we _____ too
5. He hasn’t lived in Mexico for five years, and you _____ either
6. She couldn’t attend the lecture, and neither _____ her sister
7. I’m interested in reading that book, and so _____ she
8. Michael doesn’t speak English, and his family ______ either
9. She know the answer, and I _____ too
10. That scientist isn’t too happy with the project, and neither ____ her
supervisors.
*Negation
To make a sentence negative, add the negative
particle not after the auxiliary or verb be. If there is
no auxiliary or be, add the appropriate form of do,
does, or did and place in word not after that.
e.g.
John is rich
John is not rich
Mark has seen Bill
Mark has not seen Bill
The following examples contain no auxiliary and
thus use do, does, or did.
e.g.
Marvin likes spinach Marvin does not like spinach
They went to class
They did not go to class
*Some/any
If there is a noun in the complement of a negative sentence,
one should add the particle any before the noun.
Some
affirmative sentences
Any
negative sentences and question
e.g. John has some money
John doesn’t have any money
*Hardly, barely, rarely, seldom, etc.
Remember that in an English sentence it is usually incorrect
to have two negatives together. This is called a double
negative and is not acceptable in standard English. The
following words have a negative meaning and, thus, must be
used with a positive verb
Hardly
Barely
Scarcely
mean
almost nothing
or
almost not at all
Rarely
Seldom
Hardly ever
mean
almost never
e.g.
She scarcely remembers the accident (she almost
doesn’t remember the accident)
We seldom see phone of these animals (we almost
never see photos of these animals)
*Commands
A command is an imperative statement. One person orders
another to do something. It can be preceded by please.
The understood subject is you. Use the simple form of the
verb.
Close the door
leave the room
Please turn off the light
Open your book
*Negative commands: A negative command is formed by
adding the word don’t before the verb.
Don’t close the door
Please don’t turn off the light
Indirect commands: Usually the verbs order, ask, tell, or
say are used to indicate an indirect command. They are
followed by the infinitive (to + verb).
Jack asked Jill to turn off the light
The policeman ordered the suspect to be quite
*Negative Indirect commands: to make an indirect
command negative, add the particle not before the
infinitive.
Subject + verb + complement + not + (verb in infinitive)
e.g.
The teacher told Christopher not to open the window
Please tell Jeime not to leave the room