Transcript past perfect simple

ENGLISH LANGUAGE
A1
Eva Pospíšilová
[email protected]
UNIT 6
MODAL VERBS
+
ADVERBS and ADJECTIVES
In this chapter you will learn how to use
modal verbs and how to form
comparatives, superlatives and adverbs.
I work for a magazine, which was writing an article about English
language learners. As an experiment, they asked me to learn a
completely new language in one month. Then I had to go to the
country and do some tests to see if I could survive in different
situations. I decided to learn Spanish because this language is
spoken in many countries. I have just finished an intensive course at
a language school. Now I am going to Madrid to do my tests. I was
told that I have to ask for directions, ask somebody the time and
phone and ask to speak to someone. I mustn’t use a dictionary and I
shouldn’t speak English at any time.
1)
Have a look at the verb highlighted in blue. What is the
present tense? What does it express – ability or
obligation?
2)
Have a look at the verbs highlighted in red? What modal
verb has the same or similar meaning?
3)
Look at the verb highlighted in green? Does it mean that
something is not obligatory or that it is prohibited?
Compare it with the orange example. Are you more likely
to speak English or use a dictionary?
MODAL VERBS
• modal verb + base
• Modal verbs form the questions without any auxiliary verb.
E.g. Can I come in?
• They do not add s in the 3rd person sg. E.g. He must go
there.
• TB p 70 - 73 / ex. 4
can, could (Ex. I can go) – expressing ability, possibility
x cannot (can’t), could not (couldn’t)
= be able to
may, might (Ex. I might come) – expressing possibility
x may not, might not
= be allowed to
must (Ex. I must work) – expressing obligation
x do not need to
!!!must not (mustn’t) – expressing prohibition (Ex. You mustn’t
smoke here)
= have to ( x don’t have to)
should (Ex. You should change your job) – expressing advice,
necessity
x should not (shouldn’t)
= ought to
ADJECTIVES
• -ED X -ING
E.g. I am bored. X The film was boring.
I am interested in literature. X This book is
interesting.
ADVERBS
• form adverbs with the suffix - ly
E.g. slow - slowly
bad - badly
IRR.good – well
hard – hard
fast – fast
• TB p 74 - 76 / ex. 8-14
COMPARATIVES
- ER
E.g. short – shorter
big – bigger
busy - busier
IRR. good – better
bad – worse
far – further
MORE
• 2 or more syllables
E.g. more interesting
SUPERLATIVES
THE…. - EST
THE MOST
E.g. short – the shortest
big – the biggest
busy – the busiest
• 2 or more syllables
IRR. good – the best
bad – the worst
far – the furthest
E.g. the most interesting
UNIT 7
MODAL VERBS
+
CONDITIONALS
In this chapter you will learn how to use
modal verbs in the past and how to
speak about possible situations and
hypothetical situations.
MODAL VERBS IN THE PAST
• modal verb + have + PP
Ex. He must have done it.
You should have told the truth.
It might have happened.
• MUST
• HAVE TO
• speaker imposes the
obligation
• rules, regulations,
laws
• I must visit my
grandmother, she has a
• English children have to
wear uniforms at school.
birthday.
“What will you do if you don’t pass the final
exams?” “I don’t know. I am worried about it. I
hope that if I work hard now, I will pass them. But
I will be really unhappy if I fail.” “Will your parents
be angry with you if you fail the exams?” “My
parents will be very disappointed if I fail but they
won’t be surprised. I have never been a good
student.”
1) Find the examples of the first conditional.
Which tense do we use after IF? What do we
use in the 2nd part of the sentence?
2) Do we use a comma between the clauses?
3) Is it a real possibility or hypothetical situation?
1st CONDITIONAL
• If + present, will
Ex. If it rains at the weekend, I will (’ll) stay at
home.
What will you do if you miss the bus?
• Use it for possible future situations.
“What
would you do if you won in a lottery?” “If I
won in a lottery, I would be shocked. I’ve always
thought that if I had enough money, I would travel
a lot. I am really interested in travelling and seeing
different cultures.”
1) Find the examples of the second conditional.
Which tense do we use after IF? What do we
use in the 2nd part of the sentence?
2) Is it a real possibility or hypothetical situation?
2nd CONDITIONAL
• If + past, would
Ex. If I won in a lottery, I would (I’d) buy a house.
What would you do if a shark attacked you?
•
Use it for hypothetical situations.
“Would you have told me the truth if you had
known it?” “Yes, of course. If I had known it, I
would have told you everything but I didn't know
about it.”
1) Find the examples of the third conditional.
Which tense do we use after IF? What do we
use in the 2nd part of the sentence?
2) Can this situation ever happen?
3rd CONDITIONAL
•
If + past perfect, would + have + PP
Ex. If I had known it, I wouldn't have come.
Would you have gone there if you hadn't been sick?
•
Use it for hypothetical situations in the past. The
condition wasn't fulfilled and the situation can never
happen.
UNIT 8
PASSIVE VOICE
and
COUNTABILITY
In this chapter you will learn how to
transform active voice into passive and
how to distinguish between countable
and uncountable nouns.
Text-messaging was invented by the Finnish company Nokia.
They wanted to help Finnish teenagers, who were very shy.
They found it easier to text their friends than to phone them.
Nowadays it is used in everyday communication.
Although penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming, he
didn't know how to make it into a medicine. It was first made
into a medicine ten years later, by an Australian scientist
Howard Florey. Since then it has been used for curing various
diseases.
•
Look at the highlighted examples. How
do we form passive voice – what
auxiliary verb and what form of the verb
do we use?
PASSIVE VOICE
• to be + PP
Ex. The rooms are cleaned by our staff.
The rooms were cleaned by our staff.
The rooms are being cleaned now.
The rooms have already been cleaned.
• The rooms are cleaned
by our staff.
• Our staff clean the
rooms.
• In the passive
sentence, the rooms
are focused.
• In the active
sentence, the staff is
focused.
• You can also use the
passive voice when
you don't know or it
isn’t important who
does or did the action.
COUNTABILITY
• Countable nouns
• Uncountable nouns
• can be singular or plural.
(Ex. a car -> cars, foot ->
feet)
• have only one form, they
aren't used in plural. (Ex.
water, milk, money, bread)
• you can use them with an
indefinite article
• you cannot use them with
an indefinite article
• you use them with How
many?
• you use them with How
much?
Often used uncountable nouns:
•food : chocolate, bread, water, cheese, meat etc.
•abstract nouns: behaviour, love, luck etc.
•!!! information, accommodation, luggage, news,
money, experience etc.
You can change uncountable nouns into countable
nouns by using expressions such as a piece of, a bit
of, a bar of, a loaf of, a cup of etc.
UNIT 9
REPORTED SPEECH
In this chapter you will learn how to
report what other people said.
I asked Jim and Sue if they had been doing anything
interesting at the weekend. Jim said that he had been at the
party. He told me that he had met a lot of interesting people
there. Sue told me that she had been swimming and after that
she had gone for a walk with her dog. I asked them then what
they were going to do the next weekend. They said that they
wanted to go to the mountains for the whole weekend. They
said that they were going to ski and they offered me that I
could go with them. I told them I would think about it.
1.
These quotations are reported in the text. Find them.
•
•
•
•
•
•
“I was at the party.”
“I was swimming.”
“We want to go to the mountains.”
“We are going to ski.”
“You can go with us.”
“I will think about it.”
2.
Compare the tenses in the quotations and in the reported
sentences. How do they change?
REPORTED STATEMENT
• tense change
PRESENT SIMPLE
PAST SIMPLE
SHE WORKS -> SHE SAID SHE WORKED
PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
PAST CONTINUOUS
SHE IS WORKING -> SHE SAID SHE WAS WORKING
PAST SIMPLE
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
SHE WORKED -> SHE SAID SHE HAD WORKED
PAST CONTINUOUS
PAST PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
SHE WAS WORKING -> SHE SAID SHE HAD BEEN
WORKING
PRESENT PERFECT
PAST PERFECT
SHE HAS WORKED -> SHE SAID SHE HAD WORKED
WILL
WOULD
SHE WILL WORK -> SHE SAID SHE WOULD WORK
CAN
COULD
SHE CAN WORK -> SHE SAID SHE COULD WORK
• pronouns change
“I’m tired,” she said. -> She said she was tired.
• time expressions change
today -> that day
yesterday -> the day before
last month -> the month before
next week -> the next week
I asked Jim and Sue if they had been doing anything
interesting at the weekend. Jim said that he had been at the
party. He told me that he had met a lot of interesting people
there. Sue told me that she had been swimming and after that
she had gone for a walk with her dog. I asked them then what
they were going to do the next weekend. They said that they
wanted to go to the mountains for the whole weekend. They
said that they were going to ski and they offered me that I
could go with them. I told them I would think about it.
1.
Look at the examples of reported questions. Try to write
the direct questions.
2.
Compare direct and reported questions and choose the
correct alternative:
The subject comes before / after verb.
The tense change is/ isn’t the same as for reported
statement.
We use that/ if when we report yes/no questions.
REPORTED QUESTIONS
“Did you go there?” -> She asked him if he had gone
there.
The word order in a reported question is the
same as in the statement – subject before verb.
We use if when we report yes/no questions.
RELATIVE CLAUSES
• WHO
• WHICH
-
people
animals, things
• WHOSE -
indicating possession
• WHOM
indicating object
-
• WHERE -
place
• defining
• non-defining
• relative clause is
necessary.
• relative clause isn´t
necessary.
It´s the man who
lives next door.
My sister, who lives
in London, is a
doctor.
• You must use the relative pronoun when it is the
subject of the sentence.
The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
• You can omit it when it is the object.
The woman (who) I wanted to see was away.
UNIT 10
REVISION
TENSE REVISION- present and past
TENSE
+
-
?
PRESENT SIMPLE
he speaks
he doesn’t speak
does he speak
PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
he is speaking
he isn’t speaking
is he speaking
PAST SIMPLE
he spoke
he didn’t speak
did he speak
PAST
CONTINUOUS
he was speaking
he wasn’t speaking
was he speaking
PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE
he has spoken
he hasn’t spoken
has he spoken
PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
he has been
speaking
he hasn’t been
speaking
has he been
speaking
PAST PERFECT
SIMPLE
he had spoken
he hadn’t spoken
had he spoken
PAST PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
he had been
speaking
he hadn’t been
speaking
had he been
speaking
TENSE REVISION- future
EXPRESSING
FUTURE
+
-
?
FUTURE SIMPLE
he will leave
he won’t leave
will he leave
GOING TO (plan)
he’s going to leave
he isn’t going to
leave
is he going to
leave
PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
(arrangement)
he is leaving
he isn’t leaving
is he leaving
FUTURE
CONTINUOUS
he will be leaving
he won’t be
leaving
will he be leaving
FUTURE
PERFECT
he will have left
he won’t have left
will he have left
CONDITIONALS
FORM
EXAMPLE
1st
If + present, will
If it rains at the weekend, I will stay
at home.
2nd
If + past, would
If I won in a lottery, I would buy a
house.
3rd
If + past perfect,
would + have + PP
If I had known it, I wouldn't have
come.
PASSIVE VOICE
TENSE
+
?
PRESENT SIMPLE
it is used
is it used
PAST SIMPLE
it was used
was it used
PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
it is being used
is it being used
PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE
it has been used
has it been used
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
it had been used
had it been used
FUTURE SIMPLE
it will be used
will it be used
REPORTED SPEECH
PRESENT SIMPLE
PAST SIMPLE
SHE WORKS -> SHE SAID SHE WORKED
PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
PAST CONTINUOUS
SHE IS WORKING -> SHE SAID SHE WAS WORKING
PAST SIMPLE
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
SHE WORKED -> SHE SAID SHE HAD WORKED
PAST CONTINUOUS
PAST PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
SHE WAS WORKING -> SHE SAID SHE HAD BEEN
WORKING
PRESENT PERFECT
PAST PERFECT
SHE HAS WORKED -> SHE SAID SHE HAD WORKED
WILL
WOULD
SHE WILL WORK -> SHE SAID SHE WOULD WORK
CAN
COULD
SHE CAN WORK -> SHE SAID SHE COULD WORK