Transcript Water and Minerals: The Ocean Within

Water and Minerals:
The Ocean Within
BIOL 103, Chapter 10-1
Today’s Topic
• Water: Crucial to Life
• Intake Recommendations: how much water is
enough?
• Minerals Overview
• Major Minerals: Sodium, Potassium, Chloride,
Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Sulfur
Water: Crucial to Life
• Water is the most essential nutrient
– _____% of body’s weight
– _____ of body water is intracellular: inside the cell
– _____ of body water is extracellular: water
between cells and in (blood) plasma
Water: Crucial to Life
• Electrolytes and water
– When minerals or salts dissolve in water, they form
ions (electrolytes)
• Cations: _____________________________________
• Anions: ______________________________________
– In your body cells: your body controls and balances
the concentration of electrolytes, both within and
outside of each cell.
• The body uses osmosis to move water across cell
membranes to ___________ concentrations of dissolved
particles.
• The water moves from __________________ side to
_______________________side.
Fig 10.4 Functions of Water
Intake Recommendations
• Intake recommendations: How much water is
enough?
– Men = 3.7 liters/day
– Women = 2.7 liters/day
– Pregnancy and lactation = 3.0–3.8 liters/day
– Increased needs for activity and sweating
• Sources:
– Drinking water
– Beverages
– ______________________
– ______________________ (250-350 mL/day)
Water Excretion: Where Does the
Water Go?
1. Insensible water losses: the continuous
loss of body water by evaporation from
the ________ and diffusion through
_________.
– ¼- ½ of daily fluid loss
2. ________ (~1-2 liters per day)
3. ________ (coughing, watery nasal
secretion, rapid breathing)
• External factors that contribute to water
losses:
– __________________________
– __________________________
– High protein/salt foods
Water Balance
• Water balance: water input vs. water output
• How does your body regulate water balance?
1. Hormonal effects:
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)  stimulates kidneys  ____
__________________________
• Aldosterone  stimulates the kidneys  retain _______ 
__________________________
2. Thirst: reminds us to drink more water, but it is
unreliable during _____________ or _____________
_______________
•
Alcohol, caffeine, and common medications are
usually _______________  ____________
urination  more ________________.
Regulation of Water Balance
• Dehydration
– Can be caused by
__________
________________________
_________________________
• Water intoxication (without
electrolytes)
– Causes low blood sodium 
___________________ 
_____________ coma 
death.
Fig 10.7 Effects of progressive
dehydration
Understanding Minerals
• Minerals
–
–
–
–
_________________
_________________ by heat, light, acidity, alkalinity
_________________ (needed in small amounts)
Grouped as:
1. _________________ : required in the diet in relatively
large amounts
2. _________________(AKA microminerals): required in the
diet in relatively small amounts
– Involved in body ___________ and ____________.
Minerals in Foods
• Found in ____________
_______________foods
• Mineral absorption limited
by several factors:
1.
2.
3.
Person’s _____________
____________________
_______________ contain
phytates  phytates binds
to minerals  minerals are
not absorbed in your small
intestine
Sodium
• Functions:
1. _________________
2. _________________
_________________
• Food sources
– Processed and
convenience foods
– Added (table) salt
Potassium
• Functions:
1. ____________________________
2. Nerve impulse transmission
3. Regulates _______________________________
• Food sources:
– Unprocessed foods: fruits, vegetables, grains
– _____________________
– Meat, poultry, fish, dairy products
Chloride
• Functions:
1. Fluid balance
2. ____________________ (stomach acid)
• Food sources:
– Table salt (NaCl – sodium chloride)
• Deficiency:
– Excessive __________________
Calcium
• Functions:
1. ________________________
• Made up of Hydroxyapatite: a crystalline mineral compound
of ___________ and ____________________
• _________________ to supply calcium and phosphorous to
blood and soft tissues
• Bone remodeling by two bone cells:
– Osteoblasts (build) vs. Osteoclasts (cut)
2. ___________________________: flow of calcium
causes muscles to contract or relax
3. Other functions: blood clotting, nerve impulse
transmission
Calcium
• Regulation of blood calcium levels:
– Calcitriol: _____________ calcium absorption in the
intestine
– Parathyroid hormone:
• Activates osteoclasts to release bone calcium  ______________
blood calcium
• Signals kidneys to conserve more calcium and produce more
calcitriol  ____________________ blood calcium
– Calcitonin: _________________ blood calcium
• Food sources:
– Dairy products, green vegetables, processed and fortified
foods
– Oxalate: ____________________ less calcium absorbed
Phosphorous
• Functions:
– ____________ structure
– Component of _______________ and phospholipids
• Food sources:
– Meat, milk, and eggs
– Processed foods
• Phosphate balance
– Too much phosphorous and too little calcium =
___________________
Magnesium
• Function:
– Participates in more than ________ types of enzymedriven reactions, including ____________
metabolism.
– Required for __________ and ___________ functions
• Food sources:
– Whole grains, vegetables, legumes, tofu, seafood, and
chocolate
• Magnesium balance
– At risk for deficiency: chronic diarrhea, poor diet, and
heavy alcohol use.
Sulfur
• Function:
– Primarily a _______________ of organic nutrient,
including other vitamins/amino acids
– Help proteins maintain their ________________
• Food sources:
– Typical diets contain ample sulfur
• Deficiency:
– __________________