Transcript Elements of Literature: Character

Combining Sentences
When is it a good idea to combine sentences?
How to combine sentences
Inserting words and phrases
Coordinating ideas
Compound subjects, verbs, and objects
Compound sentences
Subordinating ideas
Review A
Review B
When is it a good idea
to combine sentences?
Too much of the same thing can be boring.
Too many short, choppy sentences in your writing
can put your reader to sleep.
When is it a good idea
to combine sentences?
Look for ways to combine sentences when
• consecutive sentences have the same subject
and verb
The Titanic was the largest ship of its time. The
Titanic was also the most luxurious ship of its
time. The Titanic was on its maiden voyage.
• your sentences have the same word order,
pattern, or rhythm
accident happened
at at
night.
The
night
was
The accident
happened
night.
The
night
night
was
was
clear and cold. The date
date was
wasApril
April14,
14,1912.
1912.
When is it a good idea
to combine sentences?
Do these sentences hold your attention?
The sinking of the Titanic,
Titanic was
the a maritime
disaster.and
largest
It was
most
one
luxurious
of the worst
ship in history. The
Titanic
of
its time,
waswas
the one
largest
of the
ship
worst
of its time. It was
also the most
maritime
disasters
luxurious
in history.
ship. The
On Titanic was
on its
the
clear,
maiden
cold voyage.
night of The
Aprilship
14, struck an
iceberg.
1912,
the
The
ship,
iceberg
whichwas
wasnear
on its
Newfoundland.
The accident
maiden
voyage,
happened
struck an
on iceberg
April 14, 1912. The
night Newfoundland.
near
was clear and cold.
Sentence combining makes the paragraph
shorter, more precise, and more interesting.
[End of Section]
How to combine sentences
Inserting words and phrases
Combine short sentences by taking a key
key word
word
from one sentence and inserting it into the other.
Magicians guard
closelythe
guard
secrets
the secrets
of theirof
tricks.
their tricks.
They guard their secrets closely.
closely
You may have to change the form of the word.
Houdini performed impossible
seemingly impossible
escapes. escapes.
The escapes only seemed
seemingly
impossible.
How to combine sentences
Inserting words and phrases
You can also combine sentences by inserting a
phrase from one sentence into another.
• Prepositional Phrase
The trees were bent nearly double.
double in
They
thewere
wind.bent
wind
in the wind.
• Participial Phrase
I was puzzled by her behavior.
behavior I asked her to
explain.
Puzzled by her behavior, I asked her to explain.
How to combine sentences
Inserting words and phrases
You can also combine sentences by inserting a
phrase from one sentence into another.
• Absolute Phrases
The wind started gusting
gusting. Constance returned home.
The wind gusting, Constance returned
home.
• Appositive Phrases
Calligraphy, isan
Calligraphy
anelegant
elegantform
formofofhandwriting,
handwriting.
handwriting It
requires
requires a
a special
special pen
pen or
or brush.
brush.
How to combine sentences
Inserting words and phrases
On Your Own
Combine each pair of sentences by inserting words or
phrases. Some sentences may be combined in different
ways. Hints in parentheses indicate changes to word forms.
1. Natalie opened the trunk slowly. The trunk was antique.
2. She moved some papers aside. She peered deeper into
the trunk. (Change moved to moving.)
3. She found the photographs. They were at the bottom of
the trunk.
4. Natalie lifted the top photograph. She lifted it with care.
(Change care to carefully.)
[End of Section]
How to combine sentences
Coordinating ideas
You can also join equally important words, phrases,
and clauses by using coordinating conjunctions or
correlative conjunctions.
This bike needs brakes.
brakes.
This bike needs brakes and a taillight.
It needs a taillight.
taillight.
We saw the
the surface
surfaceofofthe
the
moon.
moon.and
moon
the rings of Saturn.
We also saw the
the rings
ringsofofSaturn.
Saturn.
Kris liked
jacket. but it was too
Kris
likedthe
thejacket.
jacket,
expensive.
It was
It
wastoo
tooexpensive.
expensive.
How to combine sentences
Compound subjects, verbs, and objects
You can combine sentences by making compound
subjects, verbs, direct objects, or indirect objects.
Step 1. Look for sentences that have the same
subject, verb, or object.
He plays
He
plays basketball.
basketball.
He
He likes
likes baseball
baseball more.
more.
Nick sings
singswell.
well.
Sharon sings
singswell.
well.
I like grapefruit.
grapefruit.
Matt likes grapefruit.
grapefruit.
Same subject
Same verb
Same object
How to combine sentences
Compound subjects, verbs, and objects
Step 2. Join the verbs, subjects, or objects of the
two sentences with a coordinating conjunction or
a correlative conjunction.
IF
the subjects are
the same,
THEN
keep the subject
and join the verbs.
He plays basketball.
He enjoys baseball more.
He plays basketball but
enjoys baseball more.
How to combine sentences
Compound subjects, verbs, and objects
Step 2. Join the verbs, subjects, or objects of the
two sentences with a coordinating conjunction or
a correlative conjunction.
IF
the verbs are
the same,
THEN
keep the verb and
join the subjects.
Nick sings well.
Sharon sings well.
Both Nick and Sharon sing
well.
How to combine sentences
Compound subjects, verbs, and objects
Step 2. Join the verbs, subjects, or objects of the
two sentences with a coordinating conjunction or
a correlative conjunction.
IF
the objects are
the same and
verbs are the
same,
I like grapefruit.
Matt likes grapefruit.
THEN
keep the object
and the verb and
join the subjects.
Matt and I like grapefruit.
How to combine sentences
Compound subjects, verbs, and objects
On Your Own
Combine each pair of sentences by forming a compound
subject, a compound verb, or a compound object.
1. Apples grow on trees. Peaches grow on trees.
2. My cat enjoys music. My cat does not like loud noises.
3. Stan could write the letter. Alternatively, Frank could
write the letter.
4. I will finish my paper tonight. I will finish my project, too.
5. Ann went to bed early. Ann could not fall asleep.
[End of Section]
How to combine sentences
Compound sentences
If two sentences are related and equally
important, you can form a compound sentence.
A compound sentence is made by joining the two
sentences with
• a comma and a coordinating
conjunction
• or a semicolon
• or a semicolon and a conjunctive
adverb
The phone rang;
rang. but
rang,
no one
however,
No
noone
one
answered
no
answered
answered
oneit.
answered
it.
it.
it.
How to combine sentences
Compound sentences
On Your Own
Combine each pair of sentences by forming a compound
sentence.
1. I can’t go to practice today. I’ll be there tomorrow.
2. We could go to an early movie. We could eat dinner first
and go to a later show.
3. Clouds covered the moon. He could not see the trail.
4. Our house is easy to find. It’s right on the corner.
5. Everyone had a test that day. We postponed the meeting
for a week.
[End of Section]
How to combine sentences
Subordinating ideas
When two related sentences contain ideas of
unequal importance, you can make one idea
subordinate to the other in a complex sentence.
Independent Clause
The band played.
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
The whole team left the field.
Subordinate Clause
The band played while the whole team left the field.
Subordinate Clause
Independent Clause
While the band played, the whole team left the field.
How to combine sentences
Subordinating ideas
There are three types of subordinate clauses:
adjective, adverb, and noun clauses. Each type
can replace an ordinary adjective, adverb, or noun.
• Adjective Clause
We invited students
new students.
who are new.
• Adverb Clause
He awakened early.
when the alarm went off.
• Noun Clause
She explained her
whatidea.
was on her mind.
How to combine sentences
Subordinating ideas
Make one sentence into an adjective clause by
replacing the subject with who, which, or that.
The lighthouse is perched on a cliff.
which
It has stood for more than a century.
^
Then use the adjective clause to provide
information about a preceding noun or pronoun.
The lighthouse, which has stood for more than a
century, is perched on a cliff.
How to combine sentences
Subordinating ideas
Turn one sentence into an adverb clause by
adding a subordinating conjunction, such as
after, although, because, if, when, or where.
II didn’t
didn’t really
really understand
understand the
the movie.
movie
until
I finished
the book.
I finished
the book.
If the adverb clause begins a
sentence, place a comma after it.
Until I finished the book, I didn’t
really understand the movie.
How to combine sentences
Subordinating ideas
Turn a sentence into a noun clause by adding a
word like that, how, what, who, or whoever to
the beginning of the sentence.
Noun clause
hadbroken
brokenhis
hiswrist.
wrist.
The doctor told him. that
Hehehad
Insert the clause into another sentence just as
you would an ordinary noun.
Ordinary
noun
Noun clause
The doctor told him the results.
The doctor told him that the
results showed he had a broken
wrist.
How to combine sentences
Subordinating ideas
On Your Own
Combine each pair of sentences by turning one sentence into
an adjective clause, adverb clause, or noun clause, as
indicated in parentheses.
1. Someone ate the eggs. I was saving them for the cookies.
(adjective clause)
2. We ate dinner. After that, we went to a movie. (adverb
clause)
3. You said. I could borrow your book tonight. (noun clause)
4. The girl is running for student body president. She sits
behind me in class. (adjective clause)
[End of Section]
Review A
Using all the sentence-combining skills you have learned,
combine each of the following pairs of sentences.
1. The child gave a shout. The shout was joyful.
2. Carter knew. He should have studied for the exam.
3. Erin began the discussion. Erin is a skilled debater.
4. Steam rose from the pan of water. The water had just
begun to boil.
5. The wood was wet from the rain. We couldn’t get the fire
started.
[End of Section]
Review B
Using all the sentence-combining skills you have
learned, revise and rewrite the following
paragraph without changing its original meaning.
The Japanese comics are called manga. Manga look
like American comics. They have panels and word
balloons. Manga were also influenced by American
animated movies. That was after World War II. Now
manga appear first in magazines. Later they are
collected into books. Many readers think manga are
like novels. Reading manga is like reading novels.
Reading manga is also like watching movies.
[End of Section]
The End