Transcript PHRASE, CLAUSE AND SENTENCE

PHRASE, CLAUSE AND SENTENCE
her man to
PHRASES
• A phrase is a group of related words that does
not contain a subject and a predicate.
• A phrase is always a part of a sentence.
• It is used as a part of speech, frequently doing
the work of an adjective, adverb, or noun.
1. Prepositional phrases
• A prepositional phrase contains a preposition
and its object.
in the evening
on Sunday
• The object will be a noun, a pronoun, or a
word group doing the work of a noun.
• The preposition has a time, place, or manner
meaning.
Prepositional Phrase
Time: After the rain, the sun came out.
We waited for one hour.
Place: We are doing research in the laboratory.
The tree fell near the house.
Manner: The man with black coat is here.
2. Participial phrases
• A participial phrase contains a participle (V-ing,
V3), its complement, and any modifiers that may
be present in the phrase.
swimming in the pool
hoping to pass the test
• Prepositional phrase modifies a noun.
• It is placed after the noun or in the first part of a
sentence.
Participial Phrase
• The student, hoping to pass the test, studied
diligently.
• The notes, written by my teacher, help me
easy to remember the lesson.
• Hoping to pass the test, the students studied
diligently.
Participial phrases
• When a participial phrase begins a sentence, it
must be followed by its subject which
performs the action suggested by the
participial phrase.
Jogging in the yard, a dog bites me.
Jogging in the yard, I am bitten by a dog.
(While I am jogging in the yard, I am bitten by
a dog).
3. Gerund phrases
A gerund phrase contains a gerund, its complement, and any
modifiers that may be present in the phrase. Gerund is a verb
used as a noun. It takes most noun positions and functions.
Position: Before a verb
Function: Subject
Riding a horse can be difficult.
Position: After a verb
Function: Direct Object or Predicate noun
The students enjoyed discussing the topic of the lecture.
Their activities are discussing the topic of the lecture.
Gerund Phrase
Position: After a preposition
Function: Object of preposition
The Dean rewarded one of the
students for joining national competition.
Position: After a noun
Function: Noun appositive
The mistake, driving in a wrong lane,
makes the driver arrested by the police.
Gerund phrases
What is the functions of V-ing in these
sentences?
• The child is running quickly.
(main verb)
• The child likes running quickly.
(gerund phrase)
• Running too quickly, the child fell down.
(participial phrase)
4. Infinitive phrases
An infinitive phrase contains a to (the infinitive) plus a verb, a
complement, and any modifiers that may be present.
The infinitive is a verb used as a noun, adjective, or adverb.
As a noun it can fill the positions and perform the functions of a
noun.
Position: Before a noun
Function: Subject
To pass the exam is the student’s chief ambition.
Position: After a verb
Function: Direct Object or Predicate Noun
The students expect to get high score in the test.
Their expectation is to get high score in the test.
Position: After a preposition
Function: Object of a Preposition
They don’t have other desire except to get high
score in the test.
Infinitive phrases
As an adjective, the infinitive phrase modifies a
noun.
Their desire, to get high score in the test,
becomes a reality.
As an adverb, it modifies a verb, adjective, or
adverb.
The students study to pass the exam. (modifies
study)
He is ready to go now. (modifies ready)
She is here to tell us the truth. (modifies here)
5. Appositive phrases
• An appositive phrase usually contains a noun
(or pronoun) and its modifiers.
• It usually occurs after a noun, identifying (or
renaming) or explaining the noun.
Rommy, the best student in the class, got
award from the headmaster.
Clauses
• A clause is a group of related words that contains
a subject and verb.
• Clauses that can stand alone are called
independent or main clauses.
• All basic sentences are main clauses.
• Clauses that cannot stand alone are called
subordinate or dependent clauses.
who sits in front row.
when she came.
the fact that the earth is round.
KINDS OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES
A dependent or subordinate clause can do the work of a noun (noun
clause), adjective (adjective clause), or adverb (adverb clause).
• Noun clause:
Position:
After a verb
Function:
Direct object
We know that she practiced every day.
• Adjective clause:
Position:
After a noun
Function:
Direct object
Ani who wants to pass the exam practices every day.
• Adverb clause:
Position:
After a verb
Function:
Modifies a verb
She practices every day because she wants to pass the
exam.
Kinds of Sentences
• Sentences can be classified by their form.
• To classify a sentence by form, count the number
and type of clauses.
• Based on the number of the clauses, sentences
can be classified as:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Simple sentence
Compound sentence
Complex sentence
Compound-complex sentence
1. Simple Sentence
• A simple sentence contains one independent or
main clause and no dependent or sub-clause.
• All basic sentence patterns are simple sentences.
• A simple sentence can have compound sentence
parts:
Compound Subject:
John and his sister are students.
Compound Predicate:
John is eating and drinking.
Compound Subject and Predicate:
John and his sister read and discuss the story.
Simple Sentence
• Other sentence parts can be compounded in
simple sentences:
The meal was delicious but expensive.
(adjectives)
We ate slowly and heartily. (adverbs)
She works on Monday but not on Tuesday.
(prepositional phrases)
Frankenstein, created by Mary Shelley and
adored by thousand, will live forever. (participial
phrases)
2. Compound Sentence
• A compound sentence contains two or more
independent or main clauses and no dependent
or subordinate clauses.
• A compound sentence joins simple sentences.
• Coordinating conjunctions and conjunctive
adverbs can be used to form compound
sentences.
I would like to join you, but I cannot afford the
ticket.
She is a good player; however, she may not
be good enough to be a professional.
Conjunctions
• Coordinate conjunction: to join equal
sentence parts
and, but, or
• Conjunctive adverb: to connect two main
clauses
consequently, furthermore, however,
moreover, nevertheless, then,
therefore, thus, still, also
3. Complex Sentence
• A complex sentence contains one independent or main
clause and one or more dependent or subordinate
clauses.
• The dependent or subordinate clauses in a complex
sentence usually do the work of adjective (adjective
clauses) or adverbs (adverbial clauses).
• Adjective clause:
My daughter is the girl who wants to sing in the show.
• Adverb clause:
Students study harder when they are in examination.
Complex Sentences
• Independent clause or main clause can stand
by itself.
– My daughter is the girl
– Students study harder
• Dependent clause adds clarifying information
to independent clause. It cannot stand alone,
but they help to make the sentence more
mature.
– who wants to sing in the show.
– when they are in examination.
4. Compound-Complex Sentence
• A compound complex sentence contains two or
more independent or main clauses and one or
more dependent or subordinate clause.
– Independent clause: The show was over.
– Independent clause: Jennifer was still on the stage.
– Dependent clause: because the cheering audience
would not allow her to leave.
• Compound complex sentence: The show was
over, but Jennifer was still on the stage because
the cheering audience would not allow her to
leave.
Exercise
Which ones are the prepositional phrase?
1. The bus near the tree is his.
2. We walked late in the evening.
3. He leaves after ten.
4. On Sunday, our aunt will come home.
5. Her club is not ready for the meeting.
Exercise
• Today there are many amazing inventions
to make life easier. Society does not
create inventions. Inventions depend on
the mind of a single individual or a small
group of individuals. After an invention
has been created, many people use it;
however, the average person thinks little
about the idea behind the inventions.
Exercise
• All inventions are either basic inventions or
improvements of earlier inventions. When an
inventor discovers a new principle and puts it
to use, a basic invention is created. One
inventor then paves the way for other
inventors to improve on the basic invention.
For example, the Greeks first invented the
steam engine, but they considered it a toy and
did nothing to improve it. James Watt
reinvented the steam engine many centuries
later. The Greeks are credited with a basic
invention.