Transcript Lecture 13 PP - SEAS

Syntax
Lecture 13:
Revision
Lecture 1: X-bar Theory
• X-bar rules for introducing:
– Complement
• (X1  X0 Y2)
– Specifier
• (X2  Y2 X1)
– Adjunct
• (Xn  Xn, Ym)
if n = 0, m = 0; 2 otherwise
Lecture 1: X-bar Theory
• X-bar rules for introducing:
– Complement
• (X’  X YP)
– Specifier
• (XP  YP X’)
– Adjunct
• (Xn  Xn, Ym)
if n = 0, m = 0; 2 otherwise
Lecture 1: X-bar Theory
• X-bar rules for introducing:
– Complement
• (X’  X YP)
– Specifier
• (XP  YP X’)
– Adjunct
• (Xn  Xn, Ym)
if n = 0, m = 0; 2 otherwise
Lecture 1: X-bar Theory
• X-bar rules for introducing:
– Complement
• (X’  X YP)
– Specifier
• (XP  YP X’)
– Adjunct
• (Xn  Xn, Ym)
if n = 0, m = 0; 2 otherwise
Adjunction to XP:
adjunct = YP (Y2)
Lecture 1: X-bar Theory
• X-bar rules for introducing:
– Complement
• (X’  X YP)
– Specifier
• (XP  YP X’)
– Adjunct
• (Xn  Xn, Ym)
if n = 0, m = 0; 2 otherwise
Adjunction to X’:
adjunct = YP
Lecture 1: X-bar Theory
• X-bar rules for introducing:
– Complement
• (X’  X YP)
– Specifier
• (XP  YP X’)
– Adjunct
• (Xn  Xn, Ym)
if n = 0, m = 0; 2 otherwise
Adjunction to X:
adjunct = Y
Lecture 1: X-bar Theory
• DP analysis: an example
– Determiner is the head of
the nominal phrase
– NP is complement
– Possessor is specifier
Lecture 1: X-bar theory
1)
a
b
c
d
A: the sister of the head is the specifier
B: the mother of the head is X’
A is true and B is false
A is false and B is true
A and B are false
A and B are true
Lecture 2: Categories and
Subcategorisation
• Binary features
– [±F]
– [±N]
– [±V]
functional vs. thematic
nounlike vs. not nounlike
verblike vs. not verblike
Lecture 2: Categories and
Subcategorisation
• [-F] categories
–
–
–
–
[+N, -V]
[-N, +V]
[+N, +V]
[-N, -V]
noun
verb
adjective/adverb
preposition
N
V
A
P
determiner
inflection
degree adverb
complementiser
D
I
Deg
C
• [+F] categories
–
–
–
–
[+N, -V]
[-N, +V]
[+N, +V]
[-N, -V]
Lecture 2: Categories and
Subcategorisation
• Subcategories of [-F] categories determine
what arguments a head selects
– DP, PP, CP, , etc.
– E.g.
•
•
•
•
•
write [DP a letter]
smile
fact [CP that the world is round]
out [PP from the cupboard]
certain [CP that I am right]
Lecture 2: Categories and
Subcategorisation
• All [+F] categories have only one type of
complement:
–D
–I
–C
– Deg
– NP
– VP
– IP
– AP
Lecture 2: Categories and
Subcategorisation
2)
a
b
c
d
Which categories are [+N, +V]?
Nouns and adjectives/adverbs
Nouns and determiners
Adjectives/adverbs and prepositions
Adjectives/adverbs and degree adverbs
Lecture 3: The Subject
• The subject is odd
– It can be an argument of the
verb
• But it isn’t in the VP
– It can be meaningless
– It can be underlyingly empty
and moved into
• E.g. passive
Lecture 3: The Subject
• We also find VPs with subjects
– He made [VP the ice melt]
• So there are two subject
positions – but only one
subject
Lecture 3: The Subject
• Solution
– Subject originates inside VP
• D-structure
– Moves to specifier of IP
• S-structure
Lecture 3: The Subject
3)
a
b
c
d
What is in the specifier of an active IP at Sstructure
Nothing
The subject
The object
The VP
Lecture 4: The complementiser
system
• The complementiser heads a
CP
– Different forces
• Declarative (that/for)
• Interrogative (if)
• The IP is its complement
– Different complements
• Finite (that/if)
• Infinitive (for)
• Wh-phrases move to its
specifier
Lecture 4: The complementiser
system
4)
a
b
c
d
What is the complementiser of the
underlined CP in the following?
I wonder [CP whether he knows]
A phonologically empty complementiser
There is no complementiser
Whether
If
Lecture 5:Wh-movement
• Wh-phrases move for semantic reasons
– A CP with a wh-phrase in spec is interrogative
– A CP without a wh-phrase in spec (and no
interrogative head) is declarative
• But not all wh-clauses are interrogative
– Relative clauses involve wh-movement
– The relative wh-phrase moves to enable to clause
to be interpreted as a modifier
– So, all wh-movement is semantically motivated
Lecture 5:Wh-movement
• Restrictive relative clauses
– Wh-relative
• The man [CP who you dislike]
– that-relative
• The man [CP that you dislike]
– zero relative
• The man [CP you dislike]
– All involve wh-movement
• The wh-phrase is covert in that and zero
relatives
Lecture 5:Wh-movement
5)
a
b
c
d
What is in the specifier of CP of a
restrictive relative clause which is
introduced by an overt complementiser?
Nothing
An overt wh-phrase
A covert wh-phrase
that
Lecture 6: non-finite clause
subjects
• There are two types of infinitival clause which
appear to lack a subject
– John seems [ -- to be rich]
– John wants [ -- to be rich]
• They look the same, but they are not.
Lecture 6: non-finite clause
subjects
• Raising verbs
– lack their own
subjects
– can take infinitival
complements,
– the subject moves
to the subject of
the raising verb
Lecture 6: non-finite clause
subjects
• Control verbs
– have their own
subjects
– can take infinitival
complements,
– the subject is a
covert pronoun
which refers to the
subject of the
control verb
Lecture 6: non-finite clause
subjects
6)
a
b
c
d
In the following structure, if V is a control
verb, what will be in ‘—’ at S-structure?
[ – may V [ John is rich]]
A meaningless element (it)
John
PRO
The verb’s own subject argument
Lecture 7: Verb positions
• They are in V when
– I is a free morpheme
– I is a bound morpheme, but the verb cannot move
• In negative contexts
• In inversion contexts where the subject stays in spec IP
• They are in I when
– I is a bound morpheme and the verb can move
• They are in C when
– I is a bound morpheme
– I to C movement (inversion) is necessary
– The subject moves to spec CP
Lecture 7: Verb positions
• When a verb moves
to support a bound
morpheme, it
adjoins to the
morpheme
Lecture 7: Verb positions
7)
a
b
c
d
In a main clause with the following Dstructure, what will be in C at S-structure?
[CP - [IP -- -ed [VP John see who]]]
did
saw
that
who
Lecture 8: Verb types 1
• Causatives
– They made the ice melt
• Overt free causative verb
• Lexical verb does not move
– They melted the ice
• Covert bound causative verb
• lexical verb moves to support it
Lecture 8: Verb types 1
• Transitives
– John may throw Bill
•
•
•
•
Theme is specifier of throw
Agent is specifier of covert bound agentive verb (= do)
Lexical verb moves to support agentive verb
Agent moves to subject position
• Passives
– Bill may be thrown
•
•
•
•
Theme is specifier of throw
Passive morpheme replaces agentive verb, so no agent
Lexical verb moves to support passive morpheme
Theme moves to subject position
Lecture 8: Verb types 1
8)
a
b
c
d
In which of the following sentences is
there a covert verb bound by the lexical
verb?
He was killed
They made him walk
I saved him
The ice melted
Lecture 9: verb types 2
• Unergative verbs
– Take cognate objects
– Can’t appear in there and
locative inversion
constructions
– Have an agent argument
Lecture 9: verb types 2
• Unaccusative verbs
– Can’t take a cognate object
– Can appear in there and
locative inversion structures
– Have a theme argument
Lecture 9: verb types 2
9)
a
b
c
d
If V is an unaccusative verb, which of the
following sentences will be
ungrammatical?
He V-ed a cunning V
There V-ed a letter
In the post V-ed a letter
The letter V-ed
Lecture 10: auxiliary verbs
• The aspectual morphemes (-ing, -en) are heads of
VPs
• Main verbs can support only one overt bound
morpheme
• All other morphemes have to be supported by a
dummy auxiliary (do, have and be)
– Do is used when the following verbal head is a
thematic verb
– Have is used when the following head is perfect (-en)
– Be is used in all other cases
Lecture 10: auxiliary verbs
10) In a sentence containing the following
sequence of bound morphemes, which
one will be supported by be?
tense – perfect - progressive
a Tense
b Perfect
c Progressive
d None of them
Lecture 11: the DP
• Empty determiners with proper nouns and bare
plurals
– [DP  John], [DP  men]
• Post determiners are APs in specifier of NP
– [DP the [NP [AP very few] complaints]
• Pre-determiners are determiners preceding an
abstract ‘group noun’ for which of does not have
to appear
– [DP all [NP members of [DP the committee]]]
– [DP all [NP  (of) [DP the crowd]]]
Lecture 11: the DP
11) Which of the following DPs does not
involve an abstract group noun?
a Very few of the men
b Both the men
c All men
d Some of the men
Lecture 12: adjectival phrases
• Adjectival phrases are headed by a degree adverb
(so they are DegPs)
• DegPs have measure phrases in their specifiers
and APs in their complements
– [DegP [two sandwiches] [Deg’ too [AP short of a picnic]]]
• APs have extent phrases (very) in their specifiers
and PPs, CPs or nothing in their complements
– So [AP very [A’ small [PP for a giant]]]
• Deg can be free (too, as, so, etc.) or bound (-er, est)
– In the latter case the adjective moves to bind the Deg
Lecture 12: adjectival phrases
12) In which of the following DegPs is the
specifier of AP filled?
a really very funny
b almost too wide
c so bright
d better than the rest
Answers
•
•
•
•
•
•
1
2
3
4
5
6
=
=
=
=
=
=
b
d
b
a
c
d
•
•
•
•
•
•
7 =
8 =
9 =
10 =
11 =
12 =
a
c
a
b
c
a
•
•
•
•
•
0-6
7
8
9-10
11-12
=
=
=
=
=
1
2
3
4
5