Transcript GRAMMAR STUDY-4 - ITS

GRAMMAR STUDY-4
Prepared by
KARTIKA NOEZ
GERUND AND INFINITIVE
• GERUND
the –ing form of a verb used as a noun. A gerund can function as the
subject, object, or complement in a sentence. A gerund is frequently
used as the object of a preposition.
Swimming is fun
Subject
I like swimming
Object
Unlike swimming, golf is boring
O of Prep.
My favorite sport is swimming
Complement
Cont’d
• Some verbs are followed by gerunds, not by infinitives. Below is a
list of some of the more common verbs followed by gerunds.
Admit
Anticipate
Appreciate
Avoid
Complete
Consider
Delay
Deny
Discuss
Dislike
Enjoy
Finish
Keep
Mention
Mind
Miss
Postpone
Practice
Recall
Recollect
Recommend
Resent
Resist
Risk
Suggest
Tolerate
Understand
Cont’d
• INFINITIVES
to+ the base form of a verb used as a noun, adjective, or adverb.
Infinitives and infinitive phrases used as nouns can function as
subjects, objects, or complements.HOWEVER, INFINITIVE
CANNOT FUNCTION AS OBJECTS OF PREPOSITION.
To be here is a pleasure
(as a subject)
I like to be here
(as an object)
My wish is to be here
(as a complement)
He is a good friend to have
(as an adjective)
I was sorry to see him leave
(as an adverb)
You need flour to make bread
(as an adverb)
*) infinitives often have the meaning of in order to, as in the last
sample sentence above. This sentence could be rewritten, In order
to make bread, you need flour.
Cont’d
•
Some verbs are followed by infinitives, not by gerunds. Below is a list of
some of the more common verbs that are followed by infinitives.
Afford
Agree
Allow*
Appear
Arrange
Ask
Beg
Care
Cause*
Challenge*
Claim
Consent
Convince
Dare
decide
Demand
Deserve
Encourage*
Expect
Fail
Forbid*
Force*
Hesitate
Hire
Hope
Instruct*
Invite*
Learn
Manage
mean
Need
Offer
Order*
Permit*
Persuade*
Plan
Prepare
Pretend
Promise
Refuse
Remind*
Require*
Seem
Struggle
swear
Teach*
Tell*
Threaten
Urge*
Volunteer
Wait
Want
Warn*
Wish
*NOTE: These verbs are normally followed by a (pro)noun plus infinitive
combination (e.g. She warned us to be careful)
Cont’d
• ADJECTIVES COMMONLY FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES
Sometimes adjectives are commonly followed by infinitives not
gerunds. Below is a list of some of the more common adjectives that
are followed by infinitives.
Afraid
Amazed
Anxious
Ashamed
Astonished
Careful
Content
Delighted
Determined
disappointed
Eager
Fortunate
Glad
Happy
Hesitant
Honored
Lucky
Motivated
Pleased
prepared
Proud
Ready
Relieved
Reluctant
Sad
Shocked
Sorry
Stunned
Surprised
Upset
Willing
CONFUSING WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS
• ALIKE (adjective) / (UN)LIKE (preposition) ALIKE is an adjective
used to show similarity between two or more noun structures. It
usually follows the noun structures it describes. (UN)LIKE means
not like and is a preposition which must be followed by an object.
My brother and my sister are very much alike.
Like my brother, my sister enjoys playing chess.
• ALMOST (adv) / MOST (adj) The adverb ALMOST means
approximately or nearly, and is used to modify verbs, adjectives, and
other adverbs. The adjective MOST means the greatest number or
part, and is used to describe noun structures.
Almost all of the students will come to class tomorrow
Most students like this class
• AMOUNT (noun)/ NUMBER (noun)/QUANTITY (noun) AMOUNT
and QUANTITY refer to uncountable nouns. NUMBER refers to
countable nouns.
Cont’d
A great amount of work is yet to be done
A number of students want to stay here during spring break
A great quantity of work is yet to be done
• ANOTHER (adj)/ OTHER (adj)/ OTHERS (pronoun) The adjective
ANOTHER is used with single, countable, and indefinite nouns.
OTHER is used with singular, plural, and uncountable definite
nouns. OTHERS ia a plural pronoun (not found with a noun)
I would like another piece of pie
Please show me some other shoes
Jack and Fred are here. Where are the others?
• DO (verb)/ MAKE (verb) DO often means to complete or to perform.
MAKE often means to create, to construct, or to produce.
I make all of my own clothes.
She did her homework at the last minute.
Cont’d
• LAY (verb)/LIE (verb) to LAY means to put or to place and can be
followed by a direct object. To LIE often means to repose. In this
meaning, to LIE cannot be followed by an object, These two verbs
are confusing because some of their principal parts are the same
form.
Base Form Past Form
Past Participle Present Participle
lay
laid
laid
laying
lie
lay
lain
lying
Yesterday, he laid his hat on the table (to lay)
Yesterday, he lay in bed all day. (to lie)
• LIE (verb)/LIE (verb) to LIE can have two meanings. It can mean To
repose or it can mean not to tell the truth. Some of the principal
parts for these two meanings are different.
Base Form Past Form
Past Participle Present Participle
lie
lay
lain
lying
lie
lied
lied
lying
Yesterday, he lay in bed all day. (to lie)
Yesterday, he lied to me about the money.
Cont’d
• NO (adj)/ NOT (adv)/NONE (pronoun) The adj NO makes a noun
structure negative. The adverb NOT makes a verb negative. NONE
is a negative pronoun.
There were no cookies in the jar
He is not jogging this week because it is too hot outdoors.
I wanted a cookie, but there were none.
• RAISE (verb)/ RISE (verb) To RAISE means to lift and can be
followed by a direct object. To RISE means to go up or to ascend,
and cannot be followed by a direct object.
If you have a question, please raise your hand
Warm air rises.
ADVERBS
Adv. that
limit
Adv, of speed
Adv. That
reflect how
often
Adv. That
show how
well sth. is
done
Adv. Degree
and effort
Adv. that
show in what
way sth. was
done
Scarcely
Hardly
Barely
Merely
roughly
Quickly
Hastily
Promptly
Slowly
Constantly
Steadily
Regularly
Occasionally
Periodically
Annually
Daily
weekly
Correctly
Effectively
Efficiently
Concisely
Precisely
sloppily
Ultimately
Urgently
Marginally
Enormously
mildly
Frankly
Explicitly
Typically
Willingly
NOTE: the blue font adverbs are not derived from ADJECTIVE + LY