Transcript Complex Sentence

Definition
Independent Clause  An independent clause is a group of words
that contains a subject and a verb, expresses a complete thought, and
can stand alone as a sentence.
Dependent Clause  A dependent clause is a group of words that
contains a subject and a verb, does not express a complete thought,
and cannot stand alone as a sentence.
Complex Sentence  A complex sentence is a sentence that contains
one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
Subordinate Clause  A dependent clause that begins with a
subordinating conjunction. Since subordinate clauses are adverbial,
they may appear at the beginning or end of a complex sentence.
Table of Subordinating Conjunctions
Meaning or
Function
Subordinate Conjunctions
Time
After, As, As soon as, Before, Once, Since, Until, When, While
Manner
As, As if, As though, Like
Cause and Effect
Although, Though, Whereas, While, Except, That
Condition
Because, In that, Now that, Since, So that, If, In case, Provided
(that), Unless
Purpose
So that, In order that
Comparison
As…as, More than, Less than, Than.
 (Source: Klammer, Thomas P., Shultz, Muriel R., Della Volpe,
Angela. Analyzing English Grammar. Pearson Education, 2007.)
Exercise
Find out the subordinate clause
1.John tried hard to finish his work, though it seemed an
impossible task.
2.I will pay you back as soon as I get the money.
3.Until I started going to class regularly, I performed poorly
on the weekly quizzes.
4.Even though she had a ten-page paper to write, Mary went
to the movies with friends.
5.Before he was a famous writer, John Steinbeck was a
maintenance man.
6.After she graduates this year, Julie will work in her father’s
law firm.
Punctuating Complex Sentences with Subordinating
Conjunctions
If a subordinate clause appears at the beginning of a complex
sentence, it must be separated from the independent clause by a
comma.
Example: After she finished her homework, Monica went shopping.
In general, if a subordinate clause appears after the independent
clause in a compound sentence, no comma is needed.
Example: Monica went shopping after she finished her homework.
Noun clause derived from statement
A noun clause does the work of a noun . It answers question Who? or What?.
He told me his success. (told me about what?): His success  Noun Phrase.
He told me that he had succeeded. (…what): that he had succeeded  Noun
Clause.
Introducing noun clause statements with That after:
Some adjectives : It’s obvious that he’s going to be late.
Some nouns
: It’s a pity that he’s going to be late.
Some verbs
: I know that he’s going to be late.
Using a noun after “reporting verbs” like say, tell (me), think, know. We can
omit that.
Instead of: I know that he’s going to be late. We can say: I know he’s going to
be late.
Complete these sentences with
noun clause
 He feels angry. It’s not surprising (that) he feels angry.
 You don’t trust me. It’s annoying ...
 She’s upset. I’m sorry …
 He didn’t get the contract. He told me…
 she’s been a fool. She agrees …
Noun clause derived from question
• Yes-no question
Has he signed the contract?  yes/no question
We can change is as a noun clause after if/whether. Use reporting verbs like ask, tell
me, want to know.
Example:
Tell me if he has signed the contract.
Ask him whether he has signed it.
• Question-word question
When did you sign the contract?  word question.
We can change is as a noun clause after tell me, I want to know . The word order
changes back to Subject + Verb and we don’t use a question mark.
Example: Tell me when you signed the contract. (not *Tell me when did you sign the
contract*)
Relative Pronoun
Refer to
Who
people
That
people
Which
Animals, things
Whom
People
Whose
Possessive adjective, people,
thing, animal
Examples:
• He is the man who/that lives here.
•That ‘s the cat which/that lives next door.
•Here are some photos which/that show my car.
•He is the man whom I met. * He is the man whom I met him.
Join these sentences using who, whom or
which
 He’s the accountant. He does my account.
 She’s the nurse. She looked after me.
 They are secretaries. They work in our office.
 That’s magazine. It arrived this morning
 They’re the postcards. I sent them from Spain.
 They are the workmen. I paid them for the job.
 They are the birds. I fed them this morning.
Whom/which as object preposition
The position of preposition in relative clauses is very important.
He is the person to whom I wrote. (never *to who) (very formal).
This is the pan in which I boiled the milk. (very formal)
He is the person whom I wrote to. This is the pan which I boiled the milk in.
However, we usually prefer to omit the relative and say:
He is the person I wrote to. This is the pan I boiled the milk in.
Join each pair of sentence in three
different ways
 He’s the man. I sent the money to him.
He’s the man whom I sent the money to.
He’s the man to whom I sent the money
He’s the man I sent the money to.
 She’s the nurse. I gave the flower to her.
 Tha’s the chair. I sat on it.
 He’s the boy. I bought this toy for him.
.
 That’s the building. I passed by it.
Complex sentence “whose”
Use whose in place of possessive adjectives (my, your, his,
etc)/ its or with preposition to refer to people.
Example:
1. He’s the man whose car was stolen.
2. That’s the house whose windows were broken.
3. He’s the man whose house the pictures were stolen
from.
Complex sentence time, place, manner
Time (past reference)  when, after, as, as soon as, before, by the
time (that), once, since, until, while.
Example: When we visited London, we went tothe Tower.
Time (future reference)  use simple present after: after, as soon
as, before, by the time, directly, immediately, the moment, till/until
and when.
Example: The owens will move to a new flat when the baby is born.
Place  where, wherever, anywhere, and everywhere.
Example: This is the exact spot where the accident happened.
Manner as, (in) the way (that), (in) the same way, as if/as though
Example: Type this again in the way I showed you.
Complex Sentence : Reason and Contrast
Use/Function
Conjuctions
Reason
Because, as, seeing (that), and
since.
Contrast
Although, considering (that),
though, even though, even if,
musch as, while, and whereas.
Complex Sentence: Purpose, Result, and
Comparison
Use/ Fuction
Conjuction
Purpose
Result
In order that (so that),
to – infinitive, in case
So..(that), such..(that)
Comparison
As..as
Complex Sentence: Present Participle Construction
We can sometimes omit who or which + is/are when we use the
present progressive.
Instead of: The man who is serving at the counter is very helpful.
We can say: The man serving at the counter is very helpful.
We can sometimes use –ing in place of who or which + simple
present:
Instead of: This job will suit students who want to work during the
holidays.
We can say: This job will suit students wanting to worj during the
holidays.
Underline the words you can delete
and/or change to use –ing
 The place which is flying overhead is traveling north.
 The candidates who are sitting for this examination are all




graduates
The woman who is waiting to see you has applied for a
job here.
Customers who complain about the service should see the
manager.
there’s a pension scheme for people who work for this
company.
There’s someone who is knocking at the door.
Past Participle Construction
 Play – Played – Played (Regular Verb)
 Build - Built – Built
(Irregelar verb)
Examples:
1.We can omit who/ which  The system used here is
very successful. (which is used)
2.The vegetables sold in this shop are grown without
chemicals.