Transcript Parts of Speech and SPOCA

Building a message
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• Parts of Speech
• Word Class
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RANK SCALE
•
•
•
•
•
•
Text
Sentence
Clause
Phrase
Word
Morpheme
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The Rank Scale
• SENTENCE (or clause complex)
For a moment the place was lifeless, and
then two men emerged from the path and
came into the opening by the green pool.
• CLAUSE
For a moment the place was lifeless
( and then) two men emerged from the path
(and) came into the opening by the green
pool.
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• GROUP/PHRASE
The place
was
for a moment
Lifeless
and then
two men
emerged
from the path
into the opening
by the green pool
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• WORD
Place
the
lifeless
path
• MORPHEME
Life –less
emerge - ed
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Building a message
WORDS
form
PHRASES
form
CLAUSES
to make
A COMPLETE MESSAGE
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Parts of Speech
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• Open Word Classes: lexical or full words:
•
•
•
•
Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
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Parts of Speech 2
• Closed word classes: grammatical or
empty words
•
•
•
•
Determiners or articles
Pronouns
Prepositions
Conjunctions
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Functional grammar and word
class
• Numerals added as a category: one, two,
three, etc.
• Pronouns (I, you, he, etc) subsumed within
nouns (car, sheep, happiness, Paul)
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Nouns
•
•
•
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Common nouns
Proper nouns
Abstract nouns
Pronouns
table, dog, food
Birmingham, Jane
beauty, democracy
she, herself, who,
whoever, what,
which, this, that,
these, those
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PHRASES
• noun phrase
•
•
•
•
e.g: that strange
feeling
verb phrase
e.g: is; would like
adjective phrase
e.g:much happier
adverb phrase
e.g:now; very
often
prepositional phrase e.g: of that
strange
feeling
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CLAUSES
• Independent: stands alone
e.g: The shoppers fled
• Dependent: provides supportive
information
e.g: when the fire alarm rang.
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S, P(V), O, C, A
In addition to grammatical categories,
Functional categories:
Subject
Predicate (verb)
Complement
Object
Adjunct
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Subject, Verb, Object, Complement, Adjunct
….a sentence consists of:
• a subject and
• a verb
and perhaps other elements following the verb.
• If other elements are necessary to complete the
structure of the sentence, they are called complements
(including objects)
• and if they are optional extras, giving circumstantial
detail, they are called adjuncts.
•
•
Young, David J. (CB). Introducing English Grammar.London, UK: Routledge, 1984. p 71.
available: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/aston/Doc?id=10060832&ppg=72
Copyright © 1984. Routledge. All rights reserved.
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The Subject
• Answers the question Who? or What?
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The Subject
• Answers the question Who? or What?
• S comes before (P)V in statements
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The Subject
• Answers the question Who? or What?
• S comes before (P)V in statements
S
(P)V
The wall-eyed nurse came back
S (P)V
I tried
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The Subject
• S often affects the form of the verb:
S
(P)V
Doctor Gordon was unlocking the closet
S (P) V
They were glad to let her
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The Object
• Answers the question Whom? or What?
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The Object
• Answers the question Whom? or What?
• O comes after S & (P)V
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The Object
• Answers the question Whom? or What?
• O comes after S & (P)V
• O refers to a different entity from S
S
(P)V
O
Doctor Gordon was unlocking the closet
S
(P)V O
She unclasped my watch
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S, (P) V & O in Extract 3
1. The wall-eyed nurse came back.
2. She unclasped my watch
3. and dropped it in her pocket.
4. Then she started tweaking the hairpins from my
hair.
5. Doctor Gordon was unlocking the closet.
6. He dragged out a table on wheels with a
machine on it
7. and rolled it behind the head of the bed.
8. The nurse started swabbing my temples with a
smelly grease.
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TASK: Identify S, V & O in Extract 3
1. The wall-eyed nurse came back.
2. She unclasped my watch
3. and * dropped it in her pocket.
4. Then she started tweaking the hairpins from
my hair.
5. Doctor Gordon was unlocking the closet.
6. He dragged out a table on wheels with a
machine on it
7. and * rolled it behind the head of the bed.
8. The nurse started swabbing my temples with
a smelly grease.
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Transitive clauses
•
•
•
•
Clauses with both S and O = TRANSITIVE
Subject acting on or affecting Object
Subject = ‘doer’ = Actor or Agent
Object = ‘done-to’ = Affected
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TASK: Who does what to whom or what?
Subjects:
Doctor
Objects:
Nurse
‘I’ [= narrator]
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TASK: Who does what to whom or what?
Subjects:
Doctor
Objects:
the closet;
a table on
wheels with a
machine on it’
it [the table on …]
Nurse
‘I’ [= narrator]
my watch;
it [my watch];
the hairpins;
my temples
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• The VERB (predicator) is the essential element
in any clause
• Most clauses also require a SUBJECT
• Many clauses also have an OBJECT
– transitive clauses
– doer + action + done-to
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Active vs Passive voice
• Active:
She unclasped my watch = S(P)VO
She tweaked the hairpins [from my
hair]=S(P)VO
• Passive:
My watch was unclasped = S(P)V
The hairpins were tweaked [from my
hair]=S(P)V
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Another kind of clause element
• Not all verbs represent actions done to
something
S
V
?
She was cool and fresh
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Another kind of clause element
• Not all verbs represent actions done to
something
S (P)V
?
She was cool and fresh
• Cannot make a passive version of the clause
Cool and fresh was been - !!
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The Complement
• C is required by a small number of verbs:
BE
SEEM
BECOME
GET
GROW
FEEL
LOOK
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The Complement
• C refers to the same entity as S
• Describes or evaluates S
She was cool and fresh
There were only a few patients
He felt sick about saying goodbye like that
• The ‘equals sign test’
She = cool and fresh
• Cannot be made S of a passive version of the
clause
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Intransitive clauses
• When C is obligatory, the clause is intransitive
• Some intransitive verbs can occur without
either C or O:
[they] prayed
On the train … they quarrelled about her not being
willing to come home at once
• Some verbs may be used either transitively or
intransitively:
Gray’s tackle broke Watson’s leg
I thought my bones would break
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S, (P)V, O & C:
1. One very hot evening in Padua they carried him out on
to the roof
2. and he could look out over the top of the town.
3. There were chimney swifts in the sky.
4. After a while it got dark
5. and the searchlights came out.
6. The others went down
7. and * took the bottles with them.
8. He and Luz could hear them below on the balcony.
9. Luz sat on the bed.
10. She was cool and fresh in the hot night.
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S, (P)V, O, C, A
1. One very hot evening in Padua they carried him out on
to the roof
2. and he could look out over the top of the town.
3. There were chimney swifts in the sky.
4. After a while it got dark
5. and the searchlights came out.
6. The others went down
7. and * took the bottles with them.
8. He and Luz could hear them below on the balcony.
9. Luz sat on the bed.
10. She was cool and fresh in the hot night.
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