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Present Perfect E.O.I. El Puerto Cursos de Actualización Lingüística del Profesorado © Rafael Moreno Esteban 2008 FORM • [has/have + past participle] • Examples: • • • • You have seen that movie many times. Have you seen that movie many times? You have not seen that movie many times. She has been to Tokyo five times. © Rafael Moreno Esteban 2008 USE • We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. • You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. • We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc. • Examples: • I have seen that movie twenty times. • I think I have met him once before. • There have been many earthquakes in California. • People have travelled to the Moon. • People have not travelled to Mars. • Have you read the book yet? • Nobody has ever climbed that mountain. • A: Has there ever been a war in the United States? B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States. © Rafael Moreno Esteban 2008 How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect? 1. Experience • You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event. • Examples: • I have been to France. This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times. • I have been to France three times. You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence. • I have never been to France. This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France. • I think I have seen that movie before. • He has never travelled by train. • Joan has studied two foreign languages. • A: Have you ever met him? B: No, I have not met him. © Rafael Moreno Esteban 2008 2. Change Over Time • We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time. • Examples: • You have grown since the last time I saw you. • The government has become more interested in arts education. • Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established. • My English has really improved since I moved to Australia. © Rafael Moreno Esteban 2008 3. Accomplishments • We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time. • Examples: • • • • Man has walked on the Moon. Our son has learned how to read. Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. Scientists have split the atom. © Rafael Moreno Esteban 2008 4. An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting • We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen. • Examples: • James has not finished his homework yet. • Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate. • Bill has still not arrived. • The rain hasn't stopped. © Rafael Moreno Esteban 2008 5. Multiple Actions at Different Times • We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible. • Examples: • The army has attacked that city five times. • I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester. • We have had many major problems while working on this project. • She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick. © Rafael Moreno Esteban 2008 6. Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs) • With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect. • Examples: • • • • I have had a cold for two weeks. She has been in England for six months. Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl. Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words “live”, “work”, “teach”, and “study” are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs. © Rafael Moreno Esteban 2008 ADVERB PLACEMENT • The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. • Examples: • You have only seen that movie one time. • Have you only seen that movie one time? © Rafael Moreno Esteban 2008 Pronunciation of the –ed ending • If the verb ends in the sound /t/ or /d/ we pronounce the ending /id/ • E.g. fade → faded • If the verb ends in a voiceless consonant other than /t/ we pronounce the ending /t/ • E.g. laugh → laughed • If the verb ends in a voiced consonant other than /d/ or vowel sound we pronounce the ending /d/ • E.g. beg → begged, pray → prayed • Voiceless consonants: /p/, /s/, /k/, /f/, /t∫/, /∫/, /θ/ • Voiced consonants: /b/, /g/, /v/, /z/, //, //, /d /, /l/, /r/, /m/, /n/, // © Rafael Moreno Esteban 2008 Irregular verbs: All 3 forms are similar Base Form Past Simple Form Past Participle Form Phonetic Symbols bet bet bet bet bid bid bid bd broadcast broadcast broadcast brdkst burst burst burst b:st cost cost cost kst cut cut cut kt hit hit hit ht hurt hurt hurt h:t let let let let put put put pt quit quit quit kwt set set set set shut shut shut t split split split splt spread spread spread spred © Rafael Moreno Esteban 2008 Past Simple and Past Participle are the same Base Form Past Simple Form Past Participle Form bend bend bent bent bent bring br brought brought brt build bld built built blt buy ba bought bought bt catch kt caught caught kt creep krip crept crept krept deal dl dealt dealt delt © Rafael Moreno Esteban 2008 dig dg dug dug dg feed fi:d fed fed fed feel fi:l felt felt felt fight fat fought fought ft find fand found found fand flee fli: fled fled fled get get got got (gotten) gt hang h hung hung h have hv had had hd hear h heard heard hd hold hld held held held © Rafael Moreno Esteban 2008 keep ki:p kept kept kept kneel ni:l knelt knelt nelt lay le laid laid led lead li:d led led led leave li:v left left left lend lent lent lent lent light lat lit lit lit lose lu:z lost lost lst make mek made made med mean mi:n meant meant ment meet mi:t met met met © Rafael Moreno Esteban 2008 pay pe paid paid ped read ri:d read read red say se said said sed seek si:k sought sought st sell sel sold sold sld send send sent sent sent shine an shone shone n shoot u:n shot shot t sit st sat sat st sleep sli:p slept slept slept slide slad slid slid sld spend spend spent spent spent © Rafael Moreno Esteban 2008 spit spt spat spat spt stand stnd stood stood std stick stk stuck stuck stk sting st stung stung st strike strak struck struck strk sweep swi:p swept swept swept swing sw swung swung sw teach ti:t taught taught tt tell tel told told tld think k thought thought t understand ndst nd understood understood ndst d weep wi:p wept wept wept win wn won won wn © Rafael Moreno Esteban 2008 Base Form and Past Simple are the same beat bi:t beat bi:t beaten bi:t n Base Form and Past Participle are the same become bi:k m became bi:k em become bi:k m come km came kem come km run rn ran rn run rn © Rafael Moreno Esteban 2008 All forms are different arise rai z arose r z arisen rz n awake we k awoke w k awoken w kn be bi: was/were wz/w been : bi:n begin bgn began bg n begun bg n bite bat bit bt bitten btn blow bl blew blu: blown bln break bre k broke br k broken br kn choose tuz chose tz chosen tz n do du did © Rafael Morenodd Esteban 2008 done dn eat i:t ate et eaten i:tn fall f fell fel fallen fl n fly fla flew flu: flown fln forbid fb d forbade fbe d forbidden fb dn forget fge t forgot fg t forgotten fg tn forgive fg v forgave fge v forgiven fg vn freeze fri: z froze fr z frozen fr zn give gv gave gev given gvn go g went went gone gn grow gr grew gru: © Rafael Moreno Esteban 2008 grown gr n know n knew nju: known nn lie la lay le lain len mistake mste k mistook mst k mistaken mste kn ride rad rode rd ridden rdn ring r rang r rung r rise raz rose rz risen rzn see si: saw s seen si:n sew s sewed sd sewn sn © Rafael Moreno Esteban 2008 shake ek shook k shaken ek n show showed d shown n shrink rnk shrank rnk shrunk rnk sink sk sank sk sunk sk sing s sang s sung s speak spi:k spoke spk spoken spk n spring spr sprang spr sprung spr steal sti:l stole stl stolen stl n © Rafael Moreno Esteban 2008 stink stk stank st stunk st swear swea swore sw sworn swn swim swm swam swm swum swm take tek took tk taken tek n tear tea tore t torn tn throw r threw ru: thrown rn wake wek woke wk woken wk n wear wea wore w worn wn write rat wrote rt written rtn © Rafael Moreno Esteban 2008 Confusing verbs • Lie – lied – lied (mentir) • /la/ - /lad/ - /lad/ • lying • Lie – lay – lain (estar tumbado) • /la/ - /le/ - /len/ • lying • Lay – laid – laid (poner la mesa) • /le / - /led/ - /led/ • laying © Rafael Moreno Esteban 2008