Transcript Document

Konso Causative
Maarten Mous
Causative:
• subject causes the action
• no argument is removed
• mostly transitive
Intransitive Causative:
i awd-é
s3 bright-pf
‘It is midday/totally bright.’
Intransitive Causative:
waaqa
i
awd-ish-é
god
s3
bright-caus-pf
‘The weather is clear again.’
indirect causatives:
i pur-sh-é
i pur-sis-é he
i pur-aciis-é
he exchanged
let somebody exchange
he let somebody exchange
Analytic causative:
aka dee-óo
i
that come-dep 3
He made him come.
kod-e
make-pf
Analytic: causee nominative:
aka atte
dee-t-óo
i
that you:nom
come-2-dep 3
He made you come.
kód-e
make-pf
Morpho: causee accusative:
D'inoote aná (*antí)
pisha fol-aciis-é
Dinote me:acc (*me:nom) water heat-icaus2-pf
Dinoote let me boil water.
Konso <> Oromo
The Konso indirect causatives do not simply add
agents to the verb frame.
Oromo
causative marker = agent
Thus:
causative of agentive intransitive: 2 x CAUS
causative of patient oriented intransitive: 1 x CAUS
Examples
d’ug- ‘to drink’ > d’ugsiis ‘to make drink’
gog ‘be dry’> gogs ‘make dry’
(Dubinsky et al. 1988:486)
But Konso:
• qora
i
kok-é-n
wood.pl
3
dry-pf-pl
The wood is dry.
• D'inoote qora kok-sh-é
Dinote
wood dry-caus-pf
Dinote dried the wood.
But Konso:
• pisha
i
water.p
3
Water boiled
• isheetá
aanna
she
milk
She boiled milk
xar-é-n
boil-pf-p
i
3
xar-iss-é
boil-caus:f-pf
But Konso:
• Anto
i
keer-é
Anto
3
run-pf
Anto ran
• Anto
Dinoote
keer-sh-é
Anto
Dinote
run-caus-pf
Anto made Dinote run.
But
• actually the situation is more complex in Oromo
and the rule does not hold.
Form of simple causative
verb
affaltarmd’otwaadpasdaashajujqahnahmiihxaay-
meaning
causative
be smothered
aff-ishapproach indirectly
alt-ishweed
arm-ishstab
dot-ishhurry
waad-ishloose
pas-ishgive
daash-ishorder, command
ajuj-ishflee, run away
qah-ashbe good hearted
nah-ashbe spoilt
miih-ishlet down
xaay-(i)sh- ‘lift up onto shoulder’
Form of simple causative
yo’ ‘want more than needed’
CAUS: i yoosh-é 3.m < yo’-sh-é
i yo’issé 3.f < yo’-sh-t-é
caus –sh:
• deletion of glottal stop, compensatory
lenghtening;
• epenthetic vowel *CCC, assimilation
Form of simple causative
underlying gloss
surface
i sook-sh-é 3-go.out-caus-pf
isooshshé
is-sook-ish-t-é2-go.out-caus-2-pf
issookissé
in-sook-ish-n-é 1-go.out-caus-1pl-pf insookinné
meaning
he took out
you took out
we took out
s as morphologically conditioned
variant: if verb. der. follows
i oor-é
he returned
i oor-sh-é
he let return, he called back
i oor-s-ad-é he took back for himself
i oor-s-at-am-é it was taken back
s as morphologically conditioned
variant (not for sh of stem)
base
dooshdishduush-
meaning
gulp down
plant
lose weight
middle/passive
doosh-addish-adduush-am
s as morphologically conditioned
variant: only before certain morphemes
hedd-ish
heddis-a
hedd-ish-ampay
hedis-am
sew
sewing
tailor
passive
Two indirect causatives
• i pursh-é
i pur-sis-é
i pur-aciis-é
he exchanged
he let somebody exchange
he let somebody exchange
Only indirect causatives
• i eenn-ay
*i een-sh-ay
i eenn-acis-ay
he milked
he let somebody milk
indirect
• i kutt-ad-é
i kutt-ish-é
i kutt-aciis-é
a child
he grew
he took care of a child
he let someone else take care of
indirect
• i paaq-é
i paaq-sh-é
i paaq-aciis-é
patient
he is ill
he took care of a patient
he let somebody take care of a
indirect
• pirreeta
oorra dam-sh-é
money
people eat-caus-pf
Money fed the people.
• pirreeta
oorra dam-sis-é
money
people eat-icaus1-pf
Money fed the people.
indirect
• Mammó damtáa oorra dam-sh-é
Mammo
food people eat-caus-pf
Mammo fed the people.
• Mammó
oorra damtáa dam-aciis-é
Mammo
people food eat-icaus2-pf
Mammo ordered the people to eat food.
indirect
• Dinoote
inna muk-sh-é
Dinote
boy
sleep-caus-pf
Dinote made the boy sleep
• Dinoote
inna muk-sis-é
Dinote
boy
sleep-icaus1-pf
Dinote made the boy sleep by using a sleeping pill.
More indirect
• Dinoote Ongaye Til-opá paq-sis-é
Dinote Ongaye Dila-dir leave-icaus1-pf
Dinote made Ongaye evacuate to Dila.
• Dinoote Ongaye palet-aysho oppa ale paq-aciis-é
Dinote Ongaye village-his to
away leave-icaus2-pf
Dinote organized his village to chase Ongaye away.
Conclusion
The function of the causative is to add an external
cause, which is expressed in the subject, to a
state of affairs. The syntactic correlate of adding
an agent argument as subject for most but not all
verbs is the consequence of the meaning of the
causative suffix. Transitivity is corollary.
Conclusion
The form of the causative is -sh although there is
lexical evidence for s at an earlier stage of the language.
The addition of an epenthetic vowel i and assimilation
of sh when followed by a consonantal inflectional
suffix can be accounted for by general phonological
constaints.
Conclusion
The double causative in Konso expresses a more
indirect, less involved, and less controlled causer in
subject position. This lesser degree of involvedness is
typically realised by a third factor, whether human or
not, but this mediator need not be expressed,
nor even implied.
Conclusion
The other indirect causative in Konso which is
etymologically a double causative added to a middle
derivation is even more indirect when compared to
the double causative. This is the effect of the
spontaneous action meaning of the middle suffix.
the indirect causative -aciis is more common than
the double causative -sis