Transcript Smoking causes(導致) health damage(損害), such as(例如) lung

learn how to express our
point of view in writing
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For example:
a letter to a newspaper editor
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writing proposals and reports at work
L1
Smoking(吸煙) is harmful (有害的) to individuals (個人) in various
L2
(不同的) ways, especially health (健康). Smoking causes(導致)
L3
health damage( 損 害 ), such as( 例如 ) lung cancer( 肺 癌), heart
L4
disease (心臟病)and brain damage(腦部損害). Many people in
L5
Hong Kong are long-term ( 長 期 的 ) smokers ( 吸 煙 者 ). Some
L6
smokers die at an early age. Doctors say that excessive (過多的)
L7
smoking is a main reason for death (死亡) because nicotine (尼
L8
古丁) in cigarettes can lead to (導致) addiction (上癮). When
L9
smokers
become
addicted
to
( 沉 溺 於 )
nicotine
they
L10 constantly(經常地) want to smoke more cigarettes and it is very
L11 difficult to give up (放棄). Clearly(明顯地), it is not wise(明智的)
L12 to smoke.
1. Stance立場
 Smoking is harmful to individuals in various
ways, especially health.
2. Examples of sickness caused by smoking
 Smoking causes health damage, such as
lung cancer, heart disease and brain
damage. Many people in Hong Kong are
long-term smokers. Some smokers die at
an early age.
3. Opinions意見from experts專家
 Doctors say that excessive smoking is a
main reason for death because nicotine in
cigarettes can lead to addiction. When
smokers become addicted to nicotine, they
constantly want to smoke more cigarettes
and it is very difficult to give up.
4. Conclusion總結
Clearly, it is not wise for us to smoke.
“being” verbs
L1
Smoking(吸煙) is harmful (有害的) to individuals (個人) in various
L2
(不同的) ways, especially health (健康). Smoking causes(導致)
L3
health damage( 損 害 ), such as( 例如 ) lung cancer( 肺 癌), heart
L4
disease (心臟病)and brain damage(腦部損害). Many people in
L5
Hong Kong are long-term ( 長 期 的 ) smokers ( 吸 煙 者 ). Some
L6
smokers pass away (去世) at an early age. Doctors say that
L7
excessive (過多的) smoking is a main reason for death (死亡)
L8
because nicotine ( 尼 古 丁 ) in cigarettes can lead to ( 導 致 )
L9
addiction (上癮). When smokers become addicted to (沉溺於)
L10 nicotine, they constantly(經常地) want to smoke more cigarettes
L11 and it is very difficult to give up (放棄. Clearly(明顯地), it is not
L12 wise(明智的) to smoke.
“doing” verbs
L1
Smoking(吸煙) is harmful (有害的) to individuals (個人) in various
L2
(不同的) ways, especially health (健康). Smoking causes(導致)
L3
health damage( 損 害 ), such as( 例如 ) lung cancer( 肺 癌), heart
L4
disease (心臟病)and brain damage(腦部損害). Many people in
L5
Hong Kong are long-term ( 長 期 的 ) smokers ( 吸 煙 者 ). Some
L6
smokers pass away (去世) at an early age. Doctors say that
L7
excessive (過多的) smoking is a main reason for death (死亡)
L8
because nicotine ( 尼 古 丁 ) in cigarettes can lead to ( 導 致 )
L9
addiction (上癮). When smokers become addicted to (沉溺於)
L10 nicotine, they constantly(經常地) want to smoke more cigarettes
L11 and it is very difficult to give up (放棄. Clearly(明顯地), it is not
L12 wise(明智的) to smoke.
mental verbs
L1
Smoking(吸煙) is harmful (有害的) to individuals (個人) in various
L2
(不同的) ways, especially health (健康). Smoking causes(導致)
L3
health damage( 損 害 ), such as( 例如 ) lung cancer( 肺 癌), heart
L4
disease (心臟病)and brain damage(腦部損害). Many people in
L5
Hong Kong are long-term ( 長 期 的 ) smokers ( 吸 煙 者 ). Some
L6
smokers pass away (去世) at an early age. Doctors say that
L7
excessive (過多的) smoking is a main reason for death (死亡)
L8
because nicotine ( 尼 古 丁 ) in cigarettes can lead to ( 導 致 )
L9
addiction (上癮). When smokers become addicted to (沉溺於)
L10 nicotine, they constantly(經常地) want to smoke more cigarettes
L11 and it is very difficult to give up (放棄) cigarettes. Clearly(明顯地),
L12 it is not wise(明智的) to smoke.
Verbal Verb
L1
Smoking(吸煙) is harmful (有害的) to individuals (個人) in various
L2
(不同的) ways, especially health (健康). Smoking causes(導致)
L3
health damage( 損 害 ), such as( 例如 ) lung cancer( 肺 癌), heart
L4
disease (心臟病)and brain damage(腦部損害). Many people in
L5
Hong Kong are long-term ( 長 期 的 ) smokers ( 吸 煙 者 ). Some
L6
smokers pass away (去世) at an early age. Doctors say that
L7
excessive (過多的) smoking is a main reason for death (死亡)
L8
because nicotine ( 尼 古 丁 ) in cigarettes can lead to ( 導 致 )
L9
addiction (上癮). When smokers become addicted to (沉溺於)
L10 nicotine, they constantly(經常地) want to smoke more cigarettes
L11 and it is very difficult to give up (放棄) cigarettes. Clearly(明顯地),
L12 it is not wise(明智的) to smoke.
“Behaving” verb
L1
Smoking(吸煙) is harmful (有害的) to individuals (個人) in various
L2
(不同的) ways, especially health (健康). Smoking causes(導致)
L3
health damage( 損 害 ), such as( 例如 ) lung cancer( 肺 癌), heart
L4
disease (心臟病)and brain damage(腦部損害). Many people in
L5
Hong Kong are long-term ( 長 期 的 ) smokers ( 吸 煙 者 ). Some
L6
smokers die at an early age. Doctors say that excessive (過多的)
L7
smoking is a main reason for death (死亡) because nicotine (尼
L8
古丁) in cigarettes can lead to (導致) addiction (上癮). When
L9
smokers
become
addicted
to
( 沉 溺 於 )
nicotine,
they
L10 constantly(經常地) want to smoke more cigarettes and it is very
L11 difficult to give up (放棄) cigarettes. Clearly(明顯地), it is not
L12 wise(明智的) to smoke.
L1
Smoking(吸煙) is harmful (有害的) to individuals (個人) in various
L2
(不同的) ways, especially health (健康). Smoking causes(導致)
L3
health damage( 損 害 ), such as( 例如 ) lung cancer( 肺 癌), heart
L4
disease (心臟病)and brain damage(腦部損害). Many people in
L5
Hong Kong are long-term ( 長 期 的 ) smokers ( 吸 煙 者 ). They
L6
smoke several packs of cigarettes (香煙) a day. As a result (結果),
L7
some smokers die at an early age. Doctors say that excessive
L8
(過多的) smoking is a main reason for death (死亡) because
L9
nicotine (尼古丁) in cigarettes can lead to (導致) addiction (上癮).
L10 When smokers become addicted to ( 沉 溺 於 ) nicotine, they
L11 constantly(經常地) want to smoke more cigarettes. Smokers do
L12 not realize (了解) that their bodies quickly ‘learn’ to depend on
L13 (依賴) nicotine and it is very difficult to give up (放棄) cigarettes.
L14 Clearly(明顯地), it is not wise(明智的) to smoke.
Do not say
(informal:
conversation會談)
I’d
Say
(formal正式)
It’s
It is
There’s
There is
I would
L1
Smoking(吸煙) is harmful (有害的) to individuals (個人) in various
L2
(不同的) ways, especially health (健康). Smoking causes(導致)
L3
health damage( 損 害 ), such as( 例如 ) lung cancer( 肺 癌), heart
L4
disease (心臟病)and brain damage(腦部損害). Many people in
L5
Hong Kong are long-term ( 長 期 的 ) smokers ( 吸 煙 者 ). Some
L6
smokers pass away (去世) at an early age. Doctors say that
L7
excessive (過多的) smoking is a main reason for death (死亡)
L8
because nicotine ( 尼 古 丁 ) in cigarettes can lead to ( 導 致 )
L9
addiction (上癮). When smokers become addicted to (沉溺於)
L10 nicotine they constantly(經常地) want to smoke more cigarettes
L11 and it is very difficult to give up (放棄). Clearly(明顯地), it is not
L12 wise(明智的) to smoke.
brain (n.) damage (n.) 腦部損害
Spoken sentence:
Smoking has damaged (v.) the brain.
:(
Other examples:
lung cancer(肺癌), heart disease (心臟病),
health damage(損害), brain damage(腦部損
害), excessive (過多的) smoking, addiction
(上癮).
Subject
Let’s
(主詞) + Main verb (動詞)
see some sentences:
L1: Smoking (吸煙) is harmful (有害的) to
individuals (個人) in various (不同的) ways.
L2: Smoking causes (導致) health damage (
損害)

L4~L5: Many people in Hong Kong are
long-term smokers.

L6: Doctors say the main reason for death
is excessive (過多的) smoking.

L9: Smokers
do not realize (了解) that
their bodies quickly ‘learn’ to depend on
(依賴) nicotine and it is very difficult to give
up (放棄). Clearly(明顯地), it is not wise(明智
的) to smoke.
 ‘Please
stop it’ xxxxx wrong!
 We are telling readers our point
of views。
 Remember: Subject (主詞) + Main
verb (動詞)
L1: Smoking (吸煙) is harmful (有害的) to
individuals (個人) in various (不同的) ways.
L2: Smoking
損害)
causes (導致) health damage (
L6: Doctors say the main reason for death is
excessive (過多的) smoking.
do not realize (了解) that
their bodies quickly ‘learn’ to depend on
L9: Smokers
(依賴) nicotine.
Simple present現在式


The simple present tense簡單現在式
 makes facts
Modal verbs情態助動詞
e.g. can能夠---express possibility
must一定； should應該
L7: Nicotine (尼古丁) in cigarettes
lead to (導致) addiction (上癮).
can
In this text, no “must” or “should”.
 We use “can”能夠—low modality
verbs—to express possibility, NOT
give facts.

L7: Nicotine (尼古丁) in cigarettes can
lead to (導致) addiction (上癮).

You can never to go…xxxxxx

You must not to smoke…xxxxx

Use: can lead to, might lead to, could
lead to
L1
Smoking(吸煙) is harmful (有害的) to individuals (個人) in various
L2
(不同的)
ways, especially
(健康). Smoking causes(導致)
‘General’總括
abouthealth
‘smoking’
L3
health damage( 損 害 ), such as( 例 如 ) lung cancer( 肺 癌 ), heart
L4
disease (心臟病)and brain damage(腦部損害). Many people in
L5
Hong Kong are long-term ( 長 期 的 ) smokers ( 吸 煙 者 ). They
L6
smoke several packs of cigarettes (香煙) a day. As a result (結果),
L7
some smokers pass away (去世) at an early age. Doctors say that
L8
L9
Other
excessive
(過多的)
smoking
for death (死亡)
More specific
指定
about is a main reason
participants/people
‘people’
and ‘smokers’
because
nicotine
( 尼 古 丁 ) in cigarettes can
to ( 導 致 )
are lead
important
L10 addiction (上癮). When smokers become addicted to (沉溺於)
L11 nicotine, they constantly(經常地) want to smoke more cigarettes.
The wording making the
L12 Smokers do not realize (了解) that their bodies quickly ‘learn’ to
argument part
L13 depend on (依賴) nicotine and it is very difficult to give up (放棄)
L14 cigarettes. Clearly(明顯地), it is not wise(明智的) to smoke.


Look at the words which start the sentences
They build up the ‘backbone’ of the text


Can you find any ‘I think’ in this writing?
There are no ‘I think’ or ‘you think’ or ‘we
think’.
 This
text is ‘impersonal’ because
the personal pronouns ‘I’, ‘we’
‘you’ are not found.
I think smoking is harmful.
We think smoking causes disease.