Transcript (who) woman
Filipino Heritage Language Learners’ Problems (Reading,Writing, Speaking) Markers Cases Focus Aspects (conjugation of verbs) Linkers Word order Affixation Pronunciation & Spelling “I get confused over which linker I should use.” ---Heritage Language Learner Markers CASE MARKERS Nominative PROPER NAME singular plural COMMON NOUN singular plural si sina ang ang mga ni nina ng ng mga The woman’s chicken (pre) kay kina sa sa mga Benefactive (for) para kay para kina para sa para sa mga Genetive The chicken of the woman (post) Dative Some Characteristics of the Language 1. The word order is as follows: PREDICATE MARKER DOER (GM)/ (NM) (NM)/GM AF Nagluto ang cooked MARKER babae ng woman OF Niluto ng babae cooked by woman OBJECT/ SUBJECT manok. chicken. ang manok. chicken. 2. Filipino has 7 Focuses or Subjects all preceded by Nominative Markers (NM) Actor Focus (AF) Object Focus (OF) Benefactive (BF) Locative FOCUS (LF) Directional Focus (DF) Causative Focus (CF) Instrumental Focus (IF) FOCUS PREDICATE NM SUBJECT GM OBJECT/ DOER AF Nagluto ang cooked OF Niluto Ipinagluto LF Pinaglutuan DF Pinuntahan CF Ikinatuwa IF ang ang cooked for ang the place where cooking took place ang made happy (was the cause of happiness) was used to buy manok para sa bata. chicken for babae para sa bata.* chicken by woman for bata ng babae. child by kaldero ng pot by Vons ng babae. babae pagluluto ng babae ng bata. of Woman’s cooking ang child ng by ang BENEFICIARY manok went to Ipinambili ng woman was cooked BF babae BM (for) pera ng money by babae. *The preferred word order is ”Niluto ng babae ang manok.” child. *The ANG VS. NG The Uses of ANG •ANG is used to mark the subject/topic/focus of the sentence PREDICATE NM SUBJECT Nagluto ang babae. cooked. (The) woman •ANG is used in an identificational sentence to indicate definiteness. NM DOER DEFINITE VERB MARKER Ang babae ang (It was the) woman (who) nagluto. cooked. •ANG is used to denote ‘in general’ in a ‘like/dislike’ sentence. PSEUDO VERB Gusto DOER NM SUBJECT ng bata ang baboy. Like by child (in general) pork. •ANG is used in formal writing. In conversation, it is replaced by ‘yung,’ conversational form of the demonstrative pronoun iyon meaning “yonder,” far from both listener and speaker. VERB+Paki SOFTENER PARTICLE NM OBJECT/ SUBJECT Pakiabot nga ang manok. (the) chicken. Please pass The Uses of NG •NG is used to mark the Direct Object. PREDICATE Nagluto SUBJECT/ DOER ang babae cooked (The) woman GM DIRECT OBJECT ng manok. chicken. •NG is used to denote possession. PREDICATE DOER SUBJECT GM OWNER Niluto ng babae ng lalake. was cooked by (the) woman. ang manok (The) chicken of man •NG marks the DOER of passive verbs. PREDICATE GM DOER SUBJECT Niluto ng babae ang manok. was cooked by woman (The) chicken. •NG is used to denote ‘specifically’ in a ‘like/dislike’ sentence. PSEUDO VERB Gusto DOER GM OBJECT ng babae ng manok. Likes (d) by woman (specifically) chicken. In a request sentence indicated by paki, ANG and NG are interchangeable: VERB SOFTENER PARTICLE MARKER Pakiabot Please pass Pakiabot nga ang (the) ng Please pass nga SUBJECT/ OBJECT manok. chicken. manok. chicken. Why the Difficulty? L1 interferes with the learning of target language. There are NO MARKERS in English There are no FOCUSES in English according to one student. ANG, the subject marker is mistaken for THE, which in English would be the same article in front of the DIRECT OBJECT. E.g. Mary cooked the chicken. Possessives are not used as DOERS in English The word order does not change but the markers do, i.e. PREDICATE DOER OBJECT Nagluto ang babae ng manok. Niluto ng babae ang manok. As noted in the previous examples, both ANG and NG have several uses and sometimes they are interchangeable. HL have fossilized notions of the language as opposed to FL who are tabula rasa. Misuse of Markers Provokes Laughter Discouraging Heritage Language Learners FOCUS ` PREDICATE NM SUBJECT GM NOUN AF Nagluto ang babae ng manok. cooked OF Niluto woman ang was cooked chicken. manok ng babae.* chicken by woman ng babae. If the markers are interchanged: AF OF Nagluto ang manok cooked (The) chicken. Niluto ang babae ng manok. was cooked (The) woman by chicken. woman *The preferred WORD ORDER is “Niluto ng babae ang manok. “Cooked by woman (the) chicken.” Affixes Compound the problem because there are several affixes used just to make a word an ACTOR FOCUS verb. Um-, mag-, ma-, magpa-, mang-, makapag-, maki-, maka-, magka-, mapa- There are more affixes used for the passive verbs because this is the normal way of speaking in our language, with the predicate before the subject. To Illustrate: Nagluto ang babae. The woman cooked. Nagpaluto ang babae. The woman asked someone to cook. Nakiluto ang babae. The woman cooked in someone else’s kitchen. Papaglutuin ang babae. Make the woman cook. Nakapagluto ang babae. The woman was able to cook. Nakaluto ang babae. The woman was able to cook.. Pakiluto ang babae. Please cook the woman. Naluto ang babae. The woman was cooked. Napaluto ang babae. The woman cooked accidentally. Ipaluto ang babae. Ask someone to cook the woman. Ipinagluto ang babae. Someone cooked for the woman. Ipangluto ang babae. Use the woman for cooking. Palutuin ang babae. Ask the woman to cook. Lutuin ang babae. Cook the woman Iluto ang babae. Cook the woman. Remedy Constant repetition and correction Immersion Worksheets on these structures More practice in 4 modalities Student has to take charge of her/his own learning; the teacher facilitates and guides lwng References: Aspillera, Paraluman S. Basic Tagalog for Foreigners and NonTagalogs. (Boston, Rutland, Vermont, Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing), 1993. Ramos, Teresita V. Conversational Tagalog, A Functional-Situational Approach. (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press), 1985. __________& Maria Lourdes S. Bautista. Handbook of Tagalog Verbs Inflections, Modes, and Aspects. (UH), 1986. Santiago, Alfonso O. at Norma G. Tiangco. Makabagong Balarilang Filipino. (Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store), 1991.