Transcript nasiona banana

LA NEUROSINTAXIS 3
15 ABR 2011 – DÍA 38
Neurolingüística del español
SPAN 4270
Harry Howard
Tulane University
ORGANIZACIÓN DEL CURSO
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http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/SPAN4130Neurospan/
 El curso es apto para un electivo en neurociencia.
 Neurolinguistics and linguistic aphasiology está
en reserva en la biblioteca.
 Human Research Protection Program

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http://tulane.edu/asvpr/irb/index.cfm
 Before beginning research at Tulane University, all
research personnel must complete the CITI Training
Program; this can be completed at
www.citiprogram.org.

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REPASO
NEUROCOGNITIVE MODEL OF
AUDITORY SENTENCE PROCESSING
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BRODMANN AREAS IN THE LEFT
HEMISPHERE
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Inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) = green,
Superior temporal gyrus (STG) = red
Middle temporal gyrus (MTG) = blue
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EL SISTEMA 10-20
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Each site has a letter to identify the lobe and
a number to identify the hemisphere
location. The letters F, T, C, P and O stand
for Frontal, Temporal, Central, Parietal, and
Occipital, respectively.
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The "10" and "20" refer to the fact that the
actual distances between adjacent electrodes
are either 10% or 20% of the total front-back
or right-left distance of the skull.
Note that there exists no central lobe, the
"C" letter is only used for identification
purposes only.
A "z" (zero) refers to an electrode placed on
the midline.
Even numbers (2,4,6,8) refer to electrode
positions on the right hemisphere, whereas
odd numbers (1,3,5,7) refer to those on the
left hemisphere.
Two anatomical landmarks are used for the
essential positioning of the EEG electrodes:
first, the nasion which is the point between
the forehead and the nose; second, the inion
which is the lowest point of the skull from
the back of the head and is normally
indicated by a prominent bump.
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Left anterior negativity
Phase 2 (300-500 ms)
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THE LAN
OVERVIEW
The LAN component is observed with:
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morphosyntactic errors
 filler-gap dependencies
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AGREEMENT VIOLATIONS IN
ENGLISH (OSTERHOUT & MOBLEY
1995)
Verbs must agree with their subjects in number
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The elected officials {hope/*hopes} to succeed.
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Reflexive pronouns must agree with their
antecedents in number and gender
Number: The hungry guests helped
{themselves/*himself} to food.
 Gender: The successful woman congratulated
{herself/*himself} on the promotion.
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ALSO …
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with English pronouns marked incorrectly for
case, Coulson et al. (1998),
 with German nouns not agreeing with their
articles, Gunter et al. (2000),
 with Spanish nouns not agreeing with their
articles, Barber & Carreiras (2005)
 etc.
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A negative-going peak about 400 ms after the
target word which generally has a central
parietal maximum
also phase 2
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N400
SAMPLE STIMULI
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His face was contorted by an angry frown.
 His face was contorted by an angry cloud.
 His face was contorted by an angry map.
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Grand mean
difference waveforms
constructed by
subtraction of the
ERPs elicited in the
literal condition from
those elicited in the
metaphoric (thin
lines) and anomalous
conditions (thick lines)
at Fpz, Fz, Cz, Pz, Oz,
FC5, CP5, FC6, and
CP6.
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centroparietal positivity
Phase 3 (500-1000 ms)
aka Syntactic Positive Shift
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P600
OVERVIEW
Initially observed in the context of parsing
breakdown
Initially considered to index the detection of a
syntactic anomaly
 More recent research suggests that it indexes
integration syntactic elements
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a variety of different syntactic violations,
 ‘garden path’ sentences
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PARSING
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The gladiator married the slave.
[S The gladiator married the slave]
[S [NP The gladiator] married the slave]
[S [NP The gladiator] [VP married the slave]]
[S [NP The gladiator] [VP married [NP the slave]]]
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The process of analyzing a sequence of words to
determine its grammatical structure with respect
to a grammar.
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A SYNTACTIC VIOLATION
What is the difference between these two?
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(2) has a subcategorization violation.
“to persuade” takes a direct object + “to” phrase
 “to hope” only takes “to” phrase
 "to" in (2) has a N400, followed by a P600
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The broker hoped to sell the stock.
 *The broker persuaded to sell the stock.
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GARDEN PATH SENTENCES
The horse raced past the barn fell.
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The old man the boat.
The old [N man the boat.
 The old [V man the boat.
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The man whistling tunes pianos.
The man whistling [N tunes pianos.
 The man whistling [V tunes pianos.
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The cotton clothing is made of grows in Mississippi.
The cotton clothing [main is made of grows in Mississippi
 The cotton clothing [sub is made of grows in Mississippi
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The horse [V raced past the barn fell.
 The horse [Adj raced past the barn fell.
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GARDEN PATH JOKES
A garbage truck.
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Time flies like an arrow. Fruit flies like a banana.
 What has four wheels and flies?
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GARDEN PATH ERPS
What is the difference between these two?
You are led up the garden path
 "was" in (2) has a N400, followed by a P600
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The broker persuaded to sell the stock was sent to
jail.
 *The broker hoped to sell the stock was sent to jail.
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FILLER-GAP (OR WH)
DEPENDENCIES
What’s the difference?
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Where’s the gap in (b, c)?
The father knows that his son likes pizza for
breakfast.
 The father knows what his son likes ___ for
breakfast.
 What does the father know that his son likes ___ for
breakfast?
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The father knows that his son likes pizza for
breakfast.
 The father knows what his son likes for breakfast.
 What does the father know that his son likes for
breakfast?
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FILLER-GAP DEPENDENCIES & P600
What’s the difference?
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P600 observed at verb which subcategorizes for
the gap
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Emily wondered whether the performer in the
concert had imitated a pop star for the audience's
amusement.
 Emily wondered which pop star the performer in the
concert had imitated for the audience's amusement.
 Emily wondered which pop star the performer in the
concert had imitated __ for the audience's
amusement.
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THE P600’S AMPLITUDE COULD
INDEX …
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reactivation of the filler
 syntactic confirmation of subcategorization
 semantic interpretation of the verb and the filler
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WHICH SHOULD HAVE HIGHEST
AMPLITUDE P600?
(ANALYSIS NEXT SLIDE)
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The detective hoped that the lieutenant knew
that the shrewd witness would recognize the
accomplice in the lineup.
 The detective hoped that the lieutenant knew
which accomplice the shrewd witness would
recognize in the lineup.
 The lieutenant knew that the detective hoped
that the shrewd witness would recognize the
accomplice in the lineup.
 The lieutenant knew which accomplice the
detective hoped that the shrewd witness would
recognize in the lineup.
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SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS
The detective hoped that the lieutenant knew [s that the
shrewd witness would recognize the accomplice in the
lineup]
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The detective hoped that the lieutenant knew [s which
accomplice the shrewd witness would recognize __ in the
lineup]
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short distance between filler and gap, i.e. no clausal boundary
crossed
The lieutenant knew [s that the detective hoped [s that the
shrewd witness would recognize the accomplice in the
lineup]]
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control for next sentence
control for next sentence
The lieutenant knew [s which accomplice the detective
hoped [s that the shrewd witness would recognize __ in the
lineup]]
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long distance between filler and gap, i.e. one clausal boundary
crossed
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GRAND AVERAGE ERP RESPONSES
AT THE FINAL VERB
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Short-distance conditions (left) and long-distance conditions (right). Wh-dependency conditions
are shown in red, control conditions in blue. Topographic maps are based on average voltage
differences between the wh-dependency and control conditions at successive 200 ms time intervals.
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P11
Neurosintaxis del español
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EL PRÓXIMO DÍA