Transcript The Performance Analysis of Linux Networking – Packet

Wide Area Network Performance
Analysis Methodology
Wenji Wu, Phil DeMar, Mark Bowden
Fermilab
ESCC/Internet2 Joint Techs Workshop 2007
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Topics
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Problems
End-to-End Network Performance Analysis
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TCP transfer throughput
TCP throughput is network-end-system limited
TCP throughput is network-limited
Network Performance Analysis Methodology
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Performance Analysis Network Architecture
Performance Analysis Steps
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1. Problems
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What, Where, and How are the performance
bottlenecks of network applications in wide area
networks?
How to diagnose network/application
performance quickly and efficiently?
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Network Application Performance
Factors !!!
End System
1
2
MEM
CPU
Applications
3
4
Disks
Operating System
5
NIC
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1’
•
•
•
•
•
CPU speed
MEM Size
System Load
Disk I/O Speed
Operating System
• R/W buffer size
• Disk cache size
• NIC Speed
MEM
CPU
Disks
8
Network
3’
Operating System
5’
NIC
Router
LAN
Network
Applications
4’
6
R/S
2’
R/S
6’
7’
Cable
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WAN
Router
• Network Delay
• Bandwidth
• Packet Drop Rate
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2. End-to-End Network/Application
Performance Analysis
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2.1 TCP transfer throughput
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An end-to-end TCP connection can be separated into: the
sender, the networks, and the receiver.
TCP adaptive windowing scheme consists of a sendwindow (Ws), congestion-window (CWND), and receivewindow (WR).
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Congestion Control: congestion-window
Flow Control: receive window
The overall end-to-end performance of TCP throughput is
decided by the sender, the network, and the receiver, which
are modeled and symbolized in the sender as Ws, CWND,
and WR. Assume the round trip time RTT, the instantaneous
TCP throughput at time t:
Throughput (t) = min{Ws(t), CWND(t), WR(t) }/RTT(t)
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2.1 TCP transfer throughput (cont)
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If any of the three windows is small, especially when
such conditions last for a relatively long period of time,
the overall TCP throughput would be seriously
degraded.
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The TCP throughput is network-end-system-limited for the
duration T, if it has:
T
W
0
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T
S (t )d (t )
T

T

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 CWND(t )d (t ) , or WR (t )d (t )  CWND(t )d (t )
0
0
0
The TCP throughput is network-limited for the duration T, if
it has:
T
T
 CWND(t )d (t )   W
0
0
S (t )d (t )
T
T
0
0
, and  CWND(t )d (t )   WR (t )d (t )
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2.2 TCP throughput is network-end-system
limited
User space
Kernel Space
Kernel Space
Send buffer
Receive buffer
BS
Network
application
Socket
write
S
receive
TCP
Socket
read
TCP
Network
application
R
(b) TCP Receiver
User/Kernel space split
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BR
send
(a) TCP Sender
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User space
Network application in user space, in process context
Protocol processing in kernel, in the interrupt context
Interrupt-driven operating system
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Hardware interrupt -> Software interrupt -> process
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2.2 TCP throughput is network-end-system
limited (cont)
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Factors leading to a relatively small window of WS(t) & WR(t)
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Poorly-designed network application
Performance-limited hardware
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CPU, disk I/O subsystem, system buses, memory
Heavily-loaded network end systems
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System interrupt loads are too high
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Interrupt coalescing, Jumbo Frame
System process load are too high
Poorly configured TCP protocol parameters
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TCP Send/Receive buffer size
TCP window scaling in high speed, long distance networks.
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2.3 TCP throughput is network-limited
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Two Facts:
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TCP sender tries to estimate the available bandwidth in the
networks, and represents it as CWND with congestion control
algorithms.
TCP assumes packet drops are caused by network congestion.
Any packet drops will lead to a reduction in CWND.
Two determining factors for CWND
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Congestion control algorithm
Network Conditions (Packet drops)
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2.3 TCP throughput is network-limited (cont)
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TCP congestion control algorithm is evolving
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Standard TCP congestion control (Reno/NewReno)
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Slow start, congestion avoidance, retransmission timeouts, fast retransmit
and fast recovery
AIMD scheme for congestion avoidance
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Perform well in traditional networks
Cause under-utilized problem in high-speed and long-distance networks
High-speed TCP variants: FAST TCP, HTCP, HSTCP, BIC, and
CUBIC
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Modify the AMID congestion avoidance scheme of standard TCP to be more
aggressive,
Keep the same fast retransmit and fast recovery algorithm
Solve the under-utilized problem in high speed and long distance networks
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2.3 TCP throughput is network-limited (cont)
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With high-speed TCP variants, it is mainly the packet drops
that lead to a relatively small CWND
The following conditions could lead to packet drops
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Network congestion.
Network infrastructure failures.
Network end systems.
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Routing changes.
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Packet drops in Layer 2 queues due to limited queue size.
Packet dropped in ring buffer due to system memory pressure.
When a route changes, the interaction of routing policies, iBGP, and the
MRAI timer may lead to transient disconnectivity.
Packet reordering.
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Packet reordering will cause duplicate ACKs to the sender. RFC 2581
suggest a TCP sender should consider three or more dupACKs as an
indication of packet loss. With severe packet reordering, TCP might
misinterpret it as packet losses.
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2.3 TCP throughput is network-limited (cont)
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Congestion window is manipulated on the unit of Maximum
Segment Size (MSS). Larger MSS entails higher TCP
throughput.
Larger MSS is efficient for both networks and network end
systems.
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3. Network Performance Analysis
Methodology
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Network Application Performance
Factors !!!
End System
1
2
MEM
CPU
Applications
3
4
Disks
Operating System
5
NIC
7
1’
•
•
•
•
•
CPU speed
MEM Size
System Load
Disk I/O Speed
Operating System
• R/W buffer size
• Disk cache size
• NIC Speed
MEM
CPU
Disks
8
Network
3’
Operating System
5’
NIC
Router
LAN
Network
Applications
4’
6
R/S
2’
R/S
6’
7’
Cable
9
WAN
Router
• Network Delay
• Bandwidth
• Packet Drop Rate
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Network Performance Analysis Methodology
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An end-to-end network/application performance is viewed
as
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Application-related problems,
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Beyond the scope of any standardized problem analysis
Network end system problems
Network path problems
Network performance analysis methodology
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Analyze and appropriately tune the network end systems
Network path analysis, with remediation of detected problems
where feasible
If network end system and network path analysis do not uncover
significant problems or concerns, packet trace analysis will be
conducted.
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Any performance bottlenecks will manifest themselves in the
packet traces.
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3.1 Network Performance Analysis Network Architecture
NESDS
` NES
NPDS
NES
NES
LAN
R/S
NESDS
End-to-end Path
BR
NPDS
PTDS
`
LAN
7’
8
Router
WAN
BR
NPDS
Network Path
Diagnosis Server
NPDS
Packet Trace
Diagnosis Server
NESDS
Network End System
Diagnosis Server
PTDS
Cable
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Network End System
Router
BR
Border Router
WAN
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3.1 Network Performance Analysis Network
Architecture (cont)
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Network end system diagnosis server.
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We use Network Diagnostic Tool (NDT).
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collect various TCP network parameters in the network end
systems, and identify their configuration problems
Identify local network infrastructure problems such as faulted
Ethernet connections, malfunctioning NICs, and Ethernet duplex
mismatch.
Network path diagnosis server
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We use OWAMP applications to collect and diagnose one-way
network path statistics.
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The forward and reverse path might not be symmetric
The forward and reverse path traffic loads likely not symmetric
The forward and reverse path might have different Qos schemes
Other tools such as Ping, traceroute, pathneck, iperf, and
PerfSONAR etc could be used.
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3.1 Network Performance Analysis Network
Architecture (cont)
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Packet trace diagnosis server
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Directly connect to the border router, can port-mirror any port in
the border router
TCPDump, used to record packet traces
TCPTrace, used to analyze the recorded packet traces
Xplot, used to examine the recorded traces visually
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3.2 Network/Application Performance Analysis Steps
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Step 1: Definition of the problem space
Step 2: Collect of network end system information &
network path characteristics
Step 3: Network end system diagnosis
Step 4: Network path performance analysis
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Route changes frequently?
Network congestion: delay variance large? Bottleneck location?
Infrastructure failures: examine the counter one by one
Packet reordering: load balancing? Parallel processing?
Step 5: Evaluate packet trace pattern
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Hardware
Collection of network end system information
Operating
system
CPU speed; CPU numbers;
Memory size; memory latency;
Maximum bus bandwidth;
Maximum disk I/O bandwidth;
Maximum bandwidth; Interrupt coalescing supported?
TCP offloading supported? Jumbo frame supported?
Operating system type, versions; 32bit/64bit?
For Linux, identify the kernel version;
System
Loads
Network applications running context;
Maximum system background loads;
Network
Applications
Network application traffic generation pattern;
Storage system involved?
Send/Receive (Socket) buffer size; Timestamp option enabled?
Window scaling option enabled? Window scaling parameter;
TCP reordering threshold; Congestion control algorithm;
Total TCP memory size; Maximum Segment Size;
SACK enabled? D-SACK enabled? ECN enabled?
CPU
Memory
Bus
Disk
Software
NIC
TCP
Parameters
NIC Driver
Parameter
Device driver send/recv queue size; TCP offloading enabled?
Interrupt coalescing enabled? Jumbo Frame enabled?
Table 1 Network End Systems Information
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Collection of network path characteristics
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Network path characteristics
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Round-trip time (ping)
Sequence of routers along the paths (traceroute)
One-way delay, delay variance (owamp)
One-way packet drop rate (owamp)
Packet reordering (owamp)
Current achievable throughput (iperf)
Bandwidth bottleneck location (pathneck)
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Traffic trace from Fermi to OEAW
What happened? 23
Traffic trace from Fermi to Brazil
What happened? 24
Conclusion
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Fermilab is working on developing a performance analysis
methodology
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Objective is to put structure into troubleshooting network
performance problems
Project is in early stages of development
We welcome collaboration & feedback
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Biweekly Wide-Area-Working-Group (WAWG) meeting on
alternate Friday mornings
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Send email to [email protected]
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