Transcript Computer

Computer-1
Dr. Diby Paul
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INTRODUCING THE COURSE & THE
SYLLABUS
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Instructor
Asst. Prof. Diby Paul
Office
A 1402
Phone
02-450-3318
E-Mail
[email protected]
Lecture schedule
Monday 2 – 5 PM
Lecture Room
A 203
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DESCRIPTION AND OBJECTIVE
Computer is an indispensable tool for environmental engineers. The students
will learn the use and applications of computers. They will also learn the
basics of computers as hardware and software. They will get in-depth
knowledge in operating systems. They will be specially trained to master
working with MS-WORD, EXCEL and PowerPoint as these becomes very
important tools for an environmental engineers. The students will also be
exposed to the use of statistical packages and basics of programming.
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REFERENCES
Peter Norton’s Introduction to computers (2003). 5th Ed. Mc Graw Hill
Publications.
Computers, Communications and Information. Revised Edition. Mc Graw Hill
Publications. Hutchinson & Sawyer (Ed).
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SYLLABUS
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Introduction to the Course
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Introduction to computers,
History of computers,
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Operating systems
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Basics of computer systemsHardware
Hardware – CPU, Storage devices, Input, Output
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Software
System software, Application software, Files&
databases, Networks & data communications
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MS WORD
Theory & Practice
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MS WORD
Practice
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MID TERM EXAM
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Presentation software PowerPoint
Theory & Practice
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PowerPoint
Practice
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Spreadsheet - MS Excel
Theory & Practice
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MS Excel
Practice
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The internet & Online
resources
Theory & Practice
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Computers and Society
Computers and the working world
Robotics, Artificial intelligence
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Statistical packages
Statistical tools for all purposes
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Introduction to computer
programming
Basics of computer programming
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FINAL EXAM
Computers in every day lives, Applications, Early
calculating machine to modern computer
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Introducing my class
•I expect the class to be interactive
•The subject is basically very interesting if you are attentive to the class
•If you have not understood anything while lecturing, you can stop me and request for
clarification
•Language (English) efficiency is NOT a parameter for evaluation
•I am ready to repeat if you have not understood
•You are encouraged to take notes while lecturing
•The laboratory also is equally important
•At the end of semester I shall help you to revise the course and prepare for the exam
•Assignments are very important and should be submitted within a week
•I will be available in my office for any clarifications regarding the chapters, upon
appointment over e-mail ([email protected])/Phone (450-3318)
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Preparing your assignments
TITLE OF ESSAY
COVER PAGE –
Introduction
Your name
Subheadings
Your Number
MAJOR
Summary
Date
Reference
Prof. Name
Font Style: Times New Roman
Page Number
Font size : 12
Line space: 1.5
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Reference Style:
JOURNAL
Paul, D., Kumar, S. and Nair, S. (2005) Osmotolerance in biocontrol strain of Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes MSP538: A study using osmolyte, protein and gene expression profiling. Annals of Microbiology. 55(4) 243-247.
BOOK
Okuda, M and Okuda, D. (1993) Star Trek Chronology: The History of the Future.
(1st Ed). New York: Pocket Books
WEB SITE
http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/503r.htm.
JOURNAL ARTICLE ON THE INTERNET
McCoy, L.H. (1999). Respiratory changes in Vulcans during pon farr. J Extr
Med [serial online]. 47:237-247. Available at: http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/nysl_li_liu.
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COMPUTER AS AN INDISPENSABLE TOOL
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COMPUTER AS AN INDISPENSABLE TOOL
Why study computer technology?

The computer revolution

It has taken a role in every aspect of life

Tiny embedded computers control our alarm clocks,
home appliances

Todays automobiles – many functions by computers

People are able to work from home instead commuting to a traditional wok place

Use of e-mail – 10 times as often as ordinary mail, 5 times more than the telephone

Banking, ATM, online money transfer

Weather prediction

Pollution modeling
entertainment centers,
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Hand held computers to manage schedules
Word processing
worksheets
Using 3D CAD tools, designers can create
photorealistic 3D images of interiors and exteriors
Factories use computers robotic arms for physical
work that is hazardous or highly repetitive
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Computers – a creative tool for musicians
Instruments - synchronized
In military , Aircraft control
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Computer – in space program
Movies & television production – motion capture technology
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Weather prediction & reporting
Environmental engineering Computer chips – pollution monitoring
& modelling
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Medical sciences –
Surgery assisted by robots
Precision
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Computer games
Multimedia
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WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES
OF COMPUTERS?
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 Desktop computers
 The most common type of computer
 Sits on the desk or floor
 Performs a variety of tasks
 Workstations
 Specialized computers
 Optimized for science or graphics
 More powerful than a desktop
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 Notebook computers
 Small portable computers
 Weighs between 1.5 to 3.5 kg
 About 8 ½ by 11 inches
 Typically as powerful as a desktop
 Can include a docking station
 battery-operated package
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 Tablet computers
 Newest development in portable computers
 Input is through pen
 Run specialized versions of office products
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 Handheld computers
 Very small computers
 Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)
 Note taking or contact management
 Data can synchronize with a desktop
Palmtop
•palmtops are tightly integrated computers
• use flash memory instead of a hard drive for storage.
•No key board, but touch screen technology
•very lightweight with a reasonable battery life
Smart phones
•
•
Hybrid of cell phone and PDA
Web surfing, e-mail access
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 Network servers
 Centralized computer
 All other computers connect
 Provides access to network resources
 Multiple servers are called server farms
 Often simply a powerful desktop
 powerful processors, lots of
memory and large hard drives.
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 Mainframes
 Used in large organizations
 Handle thousands of users
 Users access through a terminal
 powerful processor, additional memory
 performing a special group of task, such as 3D Graphics or
game development.
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 Minicomputers
 Called midrange computers
 Power between mainframe and desktop
 Handle hundreds of users
 Used in smaller organizations
 Users access through a terminal
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
Supercomputers
 The most powerful computers made
 Handle large and complex calculations
 Process trillions of operations per second
 Found in research organizations
 World wide weather forecasting, aircraft design, oil
exploration, evaluation of nuclear weapon systems
 usually costs hundreds of thousands or even
millions of dollars
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Wearable - The latest trend in computing is wearable computers.
Essentially, common computer applications (e-mail, database,
multimedia, calendar/scheduler) are integrated into watches, cell
phones and even clothing!
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HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
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HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
•First computers were people
•"Computer" was originally a job title: it was used to describe those human beings
(predominantly women) whose job it was to perform the repetitive calculations
required to compute such things
• To avoid boredom, inventors tried to mechanize it
300 BC: The abacus was an early aid for mathematical computations- addition
and subtraction
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1617
John Napier invented logarithms which are a technology that allows multiplication to
be performed via addition.
-originally obtained from a printed table
--logarithm values were carved on ivory sticks which are now called Napier's Bones
An original set of Napier's Bones
A more modern set of Napier's Bones
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Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) made drawings of gear-driven
calculating machines
1623 - gear-driven calculating machine to actually be
built was probably the calculating clock
1642 Blaise Pascal, at age 19, invented the Pascaline
First automated adding & subtracting machine
Early 1700: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz managed to build a
four-function (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division) calculator
He advocated binary number system – used even now in
modern computers
Leibniz wheel
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1801 Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a power
loom run by punched cards
1822 Charles Babbage - a steam driven calculating
machine the size of a room, which he called the
Difference Engine.
1890 – Hollerith’s tabulating machine used in 1890
US census
1930 – Hollerith- International Business Machines
- IBM
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1944- Mark-1 : This was the first programmable digital computer –
electromechanical.
The machine weighed 5 tons, incorporated 500 miles of wire, was 8 feet tall and 51
feet long, and had a 50 ft rotating shaft running its length, turned by a 5
horsepower electric motor.
1953 Grace Hopper invented the first high-level
language, "Flow-matic". This language eventually
became COBOL
1937 by J. V. Atanasoff - all electronic digital computer
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1943-ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator.
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GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
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GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
First generation – 1944 – 1958

large unreliable vacuum tubes

magnetic drum storage
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input through punched cards output was displayed on printouts

very slow and clumsy

they could only solve one problem at a time.
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Second generation – 1959 – 1970

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes

computers became smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more
reliable than their first-generation predecessors

assembly languages allowed programmers to specify instructions in words

early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN
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Third generation – 1964 – 1970

development of the integrated
circuit was the hallmark

Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called
semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of
computers
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Use of keyboards and monitors, interfaced with an operating system

smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.
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Fourth generation – 1971 – now
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as
thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip
In 1981 - IBM introduced its first computer for the home user
development of mouse and handheld devices.
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Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond:
 Artificial Intelligence based on artificial intelligence, are still in development
 some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today
 Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change
the face of computers in years to come
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OPERATING SYSTEMS
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An Operating
System, or OS, is a software program that enables the
computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software.
Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which other programs, called
application programs, can run. The application programs must be written to run on
top of a particular operating system. Your choice of operating system, therefore,
determines to a great extent the applications you can run.
For PCs, the most popular operating systems are DOS, and Windows, but others are
available, such as Linux.
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Different Types of OS
GUI - Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI Operating System contains
graphics and icons and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse
Multi-user - A multi-user Operating System allows for multiple users to
use the same computer at the same time and/or different times.
Linux
Unix
Windows 2000
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Multiprocessing - An Operating System capable of
supporting and utilizing
more than one computer processor.
Linux
Unix
Windows 2000
Multitasking - An Operating system that is capable of
allowing multiple software
processes to run at the same time.
Unix
Windows 2000
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Multithreading - Operating systems that allow different parts of a software
program to run concurrently. Operating systems that would fall into this category are:
Linux
Unix
Windows 2000
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OS
DEVELOPER
MS-DOS
MICROSOFT
WINDOWS-2000
MICROSOFT
WINDOWS-2003
MICROSOFT
WINDOWS-NT
MICROSOFT
WINDOWS-CE
MICROSOFT
WINDOWS-XP
MICROSOFT
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MAC OS 8
APPLE
MAC OS 9
APPLE
MAC OS 10
APPLE
MAC OS X
APPLE
LINUX
Linus Torvald
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MS DOS
Microsoft DOS is a command
line user interface first introduced in 1981 for
IBM computers and was last updated in 1994 when MS-DOS 6.22 was released.
Although MS-DOS is not commonly used today
DOS operating system contains commands such as COPY and RENAME for copying
files and changing the names of files, respectively. The commands are accepted and
executed by a part of the operating system called the command processor or
command line interpreter.
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MICROSOFT WINDOWS
A family of operating systems for personal computers. Windows dominates the
personal computer world, running, by some estimates, on 90% of all personal
computers. The remaining 10% are mostly Macintosh computers. Like the
Macintosh operating environment, Windows provides a graphical user interface
(GUI), virtual memory management, multitasking, and support for many peripheral
devices.
Graphical user interfaces allow you to enter commands by pointing and clicking at
objects that appear on the screen.
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APPLICATION
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APPLICATION
An application is a program running on the computer.
how well it performs the tasks it is designed to do and how easy it is for the user to use.
That involves the user interface- the way the user tells the software what to do and how
the computer displays information and options to the user
Text Interface
A text interface was all that was available in the
beginning.
Disadvantages
Needs to type all commands
Not user friendly
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Text Interface with Menus
Improvements arrived with the addition of menus and the use of the arrow keys to
move around the screen. This is much better than having to type in all the commands.
Notice the list of commands in the popup menu in the center. You would use the
arrow keys to move up and down the list and then press the Enter key to execute the
command. Various menus are usually available by using the ALT key in combination
with a letter or number key.
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Graphical Interface
A graphical user interface (GUI - sometimes pronounced GOO-ee) uses pictures
to make it easier for the user.
It is more user friendly.
The example below is from Windows 95/98. The use of drop-down menus,
windows, buttons, and icons are seen
MENU
ICONS
BUTTONS
WINDOW
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