Transcript Lecture 6

Technology In Action Chapter 6
System Software
• Operating System
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Controls how computer functions
Manages hardware
Coordinates interaction with application software
Provides user interface
• Utility Programs
– Perform special functions
– Perform general housekeeping tasks for the computer
 System maintenance
 File compression
– Customize computer to make ur work more pleasant
– Improve efficiency
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
Utility programs
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Display utilities
Add/remove Programs utility
File compression utilities
System maintenance utilities
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Disk cleanup
Disk defragmenter
ScanDisk
Task manager
• System restore and backup utilities
– System restore
– Backup
• Task Scheduler utility
• Accessibility utilities
(Magnifier, Narrator, On-screen keyboard)
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
Technology In Action
Chapter 6
Evaluating Your System: Understanding and
Assessing Hardware
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
Topics
• To buy or upgrade?
• Evaluating your system:
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CPU
RAM
Storage devices
Video output
Sound systems
Computer ports
• System reliability
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
To Buy or To Upgrade?
• Things to consider:
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Moore’s Law
Cost of upgrading vs. buying
Time installing software and files
Needs and wants
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
Assessing Your Hardware:
Evaluating Your System
• Assess the computer’s subsystems
• The subsystems include:
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CPU
RAM
Virtual memory
Storage devices
Video
Audio
Ports
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
Evaluating the CPU
• How does the CPU work?
– Two units
 Control unit
 Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
– Machine cycle:
 Fetch
 Decode
 Execute
 Store
– Speed:
 Mhz
 Ghz
– Intel, AMD, motorola
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
Upgrading the CPU
• Expensive
• Easy to install
• Compatibility
– Motherboard
– Heat sink
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
Evaluating RAM
• Random access memory (RAM):
– Temporary storage (memory)
– Volatile
• Memory modules:
– SIMM (Single inline)
– DIMM (dual inline)
– RIMM (Rambus inline)
• Types of RAM:
– SRAM (static)
– DRAM (dynamic)
– SDRAM (synchronous)
• Data retrieving
– Nanoseconds (milliseconds for HD)
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
Adding RAM
• Increase system performance
– Memory bound
• Things to consider:
– Type of RAM module
– Amount of RAM:
 Maximum limit
 Number of slots
 Operating system
 Applications running at the same
time
– Virtual memory
 PF usage
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
Evaluating Storage
• Types of storage devices:
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Hard drive
Floppy drive
Zip disk drive
CD/DVD
Flash memory
• Nonvolatile storage
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
Storing Data
• Magnetic media:
Track
– Metal platters:
 Hard disks
– Plastic film:
 Floppy disks
 Zip disks
Sector
• Tracks
• Sectors
• File Allocation Table
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
Storing Data
• Optical media:
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CD ROM
CD-R
CD-RW
DVD ROM
DVD-R
DVD-RW
• Laser
• Pit
• Land
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
The Hard Disk Drive
• Storage capacity up to
400 GB
• Access time is measured
in milliseconds
Platters
• Data transfer rate is
measured in megabits or
megabytes per second
• Spindle speed is
measured in revolutions
per minute (rpm)
Read/write
head
Access arms
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
The Hard Disk Drive
• SCSI/IDE hard drive
– IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)
 16 to 66 MB per second
– SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
 40 to 80 MB per second
• Sample HD requirements
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
Portable Storage
• Gives us the ability to move data from one
computer to another
• Types of portable storage devices:
– Floppy disk:
 Capacity 1.44 MB
– Zip disk:
 Capacity 100 MB to 750 MB
– CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, DVD-RW:
 Capacity 700 MB to 9.4 GB
– Flash drive:
 Capacity 32 MB to 1 GB
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
CD/DVD
• CD
– Data Transfer Rate X150KB per second
– 40 * 12 * 48 (record-rewrite-playback)
– CD-ROM, CD-R, CR-RW
• DVD
– Data Transfer Rate X 1.3 MB per second
– 9 times CD speed
– DVD-/+ RW
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
Upgrading Storage
• Hard drive options:
– Replace current drive with a
larger capacity drive
– Install an additional hard drive
CD/DVD
Flash card
reader
• Other options:
– Zip drive
– Replace CD ROM with CD-R/RW
or DVD-R/RW
Hard drive
– Flash card reader
– Flash memory drive
Floppy/Zip drive
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
Evaluating Video
• Two components:
– Video card (adapter)
– Monitor
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
Video Cards
• Process binary data into images
• Contain memory known as video RAM
(VRAM)
• Control the number of colors a monitor
can display (bit depth)
– Standard VGA
 4 bits
 16 colors
– True color (SVGA)
 24 bits
 16 million colors
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
Monitors
• Things to consider:
– Types:
 CRT or LCD
– Size:
– 15, 17, 19, or 21 inch
– Resolution:
 Increasing resolution allows more
to be displayed
– Dot pitch:
– .31mm or less
– Refresh rate:
 75 Hz or higher
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
Evaluating Audio
• Speakers:
– Amplified
– Not amplified
– Sub-woofer
• Sound card:
– Process digital data into
sounds
– 3D sound cards
– Surround sound
 Dolby Digital 5.1
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
Evaluating Ports
• Ports are used to connect peripheral
devices to the computer
• Things to consider:
– Devices you want to use
– Ports needed for the devices
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
Types of Ports
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Serial
Parallel
Universal serial bus
FireWire
Ethernet
IrDA
Bluetooth
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LPT 1 Port
PS/2
PS/2 Port
Connectors
USB
Ethernet
USB
FireWire
Ethernet
FireWire
Connector
jack
Printer
Connector
Port Cable
Connector
Port
Port
COM 1 Port
Serial
Connector
Transfers
eight
bits
of
data
Transfer
Transfer
rate of
speed
of
100
4 Mbps;
Mbps;
Mbps;
toradio
Uses
Transfer
Transfers
rate
data
1
one
bit
at a
Transfer
rate
ofup
400
Mbps;
simultaneously;
12Mbps
connects
infrared
480Mbps;
light
computers
waves
Hot
swapping
to
networks
waves
time;
send
56Kbps
data
over
short
Digital
cameras
distances (30 feet)
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
Adding Ports
• Expansion cards:
– New port standards
• Expansion hubs:
– Enables several
devices to be
connected to a port
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
Chapter 6 Summary Questions
• How can I determine whether I should
upgrade my existing computer or buy a
new one?
• What does the CPU do and how can I
evaluate its performance?
• How does memory work and how can I
evaluate how much memory I need?
• What are the computer’s main storage
devices and how can I evaluate whether
they match my needs?
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
Chapter 6 Summary Questions
• What components affect the output of
video and how can I evaluate whether
they are meeting my needs?
• What components affect the quality of
sound and how can I evaluate whether
they are meeting my needs?
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
Chapter 6 Summary Questions
• What are the ports available on desktop
computers and how can I determine what
ports I need?
• How can I ensure the reliability of my
system?
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
Ensure system performs reliably
• Run disk defragmenter utility
• Check out Startup folder
• Clear out unnecessary files
– Disk cleanup utility
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Technology In Action Chapter 6
In case of Crash
• Make sure you have installed any new
software or hardware properly
– Having latest version of software
• If see an error code in Windows, visit
http://support.microsoft.com
• Check that you have enough RAM
• Reinstall operating system, or upgrade OS
to the latest version.
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