Transcript William Sawyer

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Chapter
3
Software
3.1 System Software: The Power behind the Power
3.2 The Operating System: What It Does
3.3 Other System Software: Device Drivers & Utilities
3.4 Common Features of the User Interface
3.5 Common Operating Systems
3.6 Application Software
3.7 Word Processing
3.8 Spreadsheets
3.9 Database Software
3.10 Specialty Software
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
System Software: The Power behind the
Power
Application Software
 Software
developed to solve a particular problem for
users
 Either
performs useful work on a specific task
 Or provides entertainment
 We
interact mainly with this software
System Software
 Enables
application software to interact with the
computer
 Helps the computer to manage its own internal and
external resources
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System Software: The Power behind the
Power
 System Software has 3 basic components
 Operating
System (OS)
The principal component of system software
 Low-level, master system of programs to manage basic computer
operations
 Some hardware requires specific Operating Systems





Macintosh computers run Macintosh OS
PCs run Microsoft Windows, Linux, or BSD Unix
IBM Mainframes run MVS or VM
Cray supercomputers run COS or UNICOS
 Device

Help the computer control peripheral devices
 Utility

Drivers
Programs
Used to support, enhance, or expand existing programs in the
computer
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The Operating System: What It Does
 Booting


The process of loading an OS into the computer’s
main memory
The steps are:
1.
2.
3.
Turn the computer on
Diagnostic routines test main memory, CPU, and other
hardware
Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) programs are copied to
main memory


4.
BIOS contains instructions for operating the hardware
The computer needs those instructions to operate the
hardware and find a copy of the OS
Boot program obtains the OS and loads it into computer’s
main memory
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The Operating System: What It Does
Central Processing Unit (CPU) Management
 Kernel
is the supervising software that manages CPU
 Kernel
must remain in memory while the computer runs
 If another program uses the kernel’s memory when the
kernel needs it, the computer will crash
 Memory
Management
 OS
keeps track of memory locations to prevent programs
and data from overlapping each other
 Swaps portions of programs and data into the same
memory but at different times
 Keeps track of virtual memory
 Queues,
Buffers, Spooling
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The Operating System: What It Does
Central Processing Unit (CPU) Management
(continued)
 Queues,
Buffers, Spooling
 Queue:
First-in, First-out (FIFO) sequence of data or
programs that waits in line for its turn to be processed
 Buffer: The place where the data or programs sit while they
are waiting
 To Spool: The act of placing a print job into a buffer
 Needed
because the CPU is faster than printers
 The CPU can work on other tasks while the print jobs
wait
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The Operating System: What It Does
 File Management

A file is either a



The File System arranges files
in a hierarchical manner



Data File: a named collection
of data
Program File: a program that
exists in a computer’s
secondary storage
Top level is Directories (aka
Folders)
Subdirectories come below
Folders
Find files using their
pathname

C:/MyDocuments/Termpaper/section1.d
oc
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The Operating System: What It Does
 Task Management
 Required
for computers that accommodate multiple users
 Required for computers that allow multiple simultaneous
applications
 Methods of processing two or more programs

Multitasking


Multiprogramming


By multiple users concurrently on one processor
Time-sharing


By one user on one processor
By multiple users in round-robin fashion on one processor
Multiprocessing

By one or more users simultaneously on two or more processors
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The Operating System: What It Does
Security Management
 Operating
Systems permit users to control access to their
computers
 Users gain access using an ID and password
 You set the password the first time you boot up a new
computer
 System Administrators can set up new accounts and
assign new passwords
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Other System Software: Device Drivers
& Utilities
 Device Drivers
 Specialized
software programs that allow input and output
devices to communicate with the rest of the OS
 When you get a brand-new printer or monitor, you may also
need to install the device driver for it
 Device drivers come with new hardware, or download from the
manufacturer’s website, or sites like www.driverguide.com or
www.windrivers.com
 Utilities
 Service programs that perform tasks related to the control and
allocation of computer resources
 Some come with the OS, others can be bought separately like

Norton SystemWorks, McAfee Utilities
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Other System Software: Device Drivers
& Utilities
Practical Utility programs perform the following tasks
 Virus
protection
 Data compression
 File defragmentation
 Disk scanner & disk cleanup
 Backup
 Data recovery
Discussion Question: How many of you have lost important files
such as a term paper? Didn’t you wish you had made a backup
copy? ALL data media are subject to possible failure and data loss!
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Common Features of the User Interface
User Interface
 The
user-controllable display screen you use to interact
with the computer
Keyboard and Mouse
 User
input devices that you use to interact with the
display screen
 Both devices have special-purpose keys
 Keyboard
Special-purpose keys: Esc, Ctrl, Alt, Del, Ins,
Home, End, PgUp, PgDn, Num Lock
 Mouse special-purpose keys: left-click, right-click, and (on
some mice) scroll wheel or center click
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Common Features of the User Interface
 Keyboard
Function Keys – let you quickly perform specific tasks
 Escape Key – lets you quit a task
 Ctrl and Alt – use combination with another key to bypass using the
mouse – Ctrl + S will save a document, Alt + Tab will let you switch
between running applications

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Common Features of the User Interface
Keyboard continued
key – quickly displays the shortcut menu
for any item on your screen
Status lights – indicate if your Num Lock or Caps
Lock keys are on
Numeric Keypad – allows you to type in numbers
when the Num Lock light is on
Application
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Common Features of the User Interface
 Mouse
Handy tool for dragging and dropping text, graphics
 Useful for navigating menus on unfamiliar applications

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Common Features of the User Interface
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
 Allows
you to use a mouse or keystrokes to select icons
and commands from menus
 Replaces command-driven interfaces used in earlier
programs
 Three main features are: desktop, icons, and menus
 Desktop:
The system’s main interface screen
 Icon: Small pictorial figure that represents a program, data
file, or procedure

Rollover: A small text box that explains the icon when you roll
your mouse over it
 Menus:
A list of built-in commands and/or options from
which to choose
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Common Features of the User Interface
To start an application, pick one of 3 methods:
 Click
on the Start button on the lower left corner of the
Windows desktop
 Click on the My Computer icon on the desktop, find the
application executable on your hard disk, and click it
 Click on the My Documents icon on the desktop, find the
document you want to open, and click it. It should
automatically open the application that created it, if you
have that application installed
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Common Features of the User Interface
Most Operating Systems have the following:
 Title
Bar: runs across the top of the display window
 Menu Bar: shows the names of the pull-down menus
available
 Toolbar: Displays menus and icons representing the
most-frequently used commands
 Taskbar: The bar across the bottom of the Windows
screen that contains the Start button
 A window: A rectangular frame on the computer screen
through which you can view a file of data or an
application
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Common Operating Systems
Platform
 The
particular processor model and operating system on
which a computer system is based
Operating Systems are platform-specific
PC (Wintel) platforms
 Dell,
Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, IBM PCs
 Originally ran Disk Operating System (DOS)
 Currently run Linux, Unix, Windows
Apple (Macintosh) platforms
 Run
Mac OS (System 9 was proprietary, OS X is Unixbased)
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Common Operating Systems
Mac OS
 The
OS that runs on Apple Macintosh computers
 Pioneered the easy-to-use GUI
 Proprietary OS
 System
9 is OS from 1999, but still popular
 Mac OS X is based on BSD Unix kernel
 Tiger is 2005 release of Mac OS X; features include
Spotlight – a desktop search engine for locating files on local
hard disk
 Dashboard – for creating desktop “widgets”
 Automator – automatically helps users to script repetitive tasks

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Common Operating Systems
Unix, Solaris, BSD
 Developed
at AT&T Bell Laboratories in 1969 as
minicomputer operating system
 Is a multitasking operating system with multiple users
that has built-in networking capability and a version for
every platform
 Unix interface
– An optional shell program that starts after the kernel
 Command interface – starts when kernel loads
 GUI
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Common Operating Systems
Linux
A
flavor (version) of Unix
 A free, nonproprietary version of UNIX
 May
legally be downloaded and used for free
 May legally be modified for free, as long as modifications
aren’t copyrighted
 In 2000, adopted by China as national standard OS
 Linux
vendors produce Linux Distributions
 Software
is distributed for free
 Support services are sold for a profit
 Many
PCs are set up to dual-boot Linux and Windows
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Common Operating Systems
Operating Systems for Handhelds
 Palm
OS
 Dominant
handheld OS
 Proprietary OS requires proprietary software
 Windows
CE
 Has
familiar Windows look and feel
 Can be directly programmed using Visual Basic 2005
 Symbian
OS
 Symbian
is world’s largest producer of smartphone software
 Software is open-source
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Application Software
 There are 5 ways to legally obtain software
1.
Commercial Software

2.
Public-domain software

3.
Copyrighted – download for free, then pay if you use it
Freeware

5.
Not copyrighted – legal to copy
Shareware

4.
Copyrighted – license must be purchased
Copyrighted – but available for free. Pay on honor system
Rentalware

Copyrighted – lease for a fee
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Application Software
Software License Types
 Site
licenses
 Allow
software to be used on all computers at a specific
location
 Concurrent-user
license
 Allows
a specified number of copies to be used at one time
 May require additional license-monitoring software
 Multiple-user
 Specifies
 Single-use
 Limits
license
the number of people who may use the software
license
the software to one user at a time
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Application Software
Other software categories
 Pirated
software
 Software
obtained illegally in violation of copyright
 Software & Industry Information Association Anti-Piracy
division prosecutes violators of software copyright laws
http://www.siia.net/piracy/
 Don’t pirate software!!!
 Abandonware
 Software
that is no longer being sold or supported by its
publisher
 Subject to copyright for 95 years from date of publication
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Application Software
Importing files
 Getting
data from another source and converting it into a
format for the application you are using
 Allows you to edit files from other applications
Exporting files
 Transforming
data into a format that can be used by a
different application, then transmitting it
 Common export files end in the .rtf extension
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Word Processing
Software that uses computers to create, edit, format,
print, and store text.
 Microsoft
Word licensed for Windows and Mac OS
 Lotus Smart Suite licensed for Windows
 Sun Microsystems Star Office licensed for WindowsLinux- and Solaris-based systems (was free)
 Corel Word-Perfect licensed for Windows
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Word Processing
Tools for creating documents
 Cursor
is on screen to show you where to enter text
 Scrolling means moving quickly forward, up, down, or
sideways through document test display
 Word wrap automatically continues text to next line when
you reach the right margin
 Outline view puts tags on headings within a document to
organize it
 Inserting is the act of adding text to documents
 Deleting is the act of removing text from documents
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Word Processing
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Word Processing
 Find & Replace
 Find
lets you go straight to any text in your document
 Replace lets you go to the text and automatically replace it with
something else
 Cut, Copy, & Paste
 Select the text you want to move
 Copy to clipboard, then paste in new location
 Or drag the text to the new location
 Spelling Checker
 Tests for incorrectly spelled words
 Often shows them with a squiggly line underneath
 You may choose to use the “Autocorrect” feature
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Word Processing
Grammar Checker
 Highlights
poor grammar, wordiness, sentence
fragments, and awkward phrases
 Puts different-color squiggly line under suspect phrases
Thesaurus
 Can
be called up on-screen
 Offers suggestions for alternative words with the same
meaning
Discussion Question: How doze a spell-checker Handel different spellings
for the same word? Should ewe trust the spell-checker for everything?
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Word Processing
Formatting Documents using Templates & Wizards
A
template is a preformatted document that provides
basic tools for shaping a final document
 You
can customize a template with your company’s name,
address, etc, then save it and use it again and again
 Use them when you have to repeatedly create the same
basic document
A
wizard is an interactive computer utility program that
leads the user through a task asking questions and using
the user’s answers to customize a solution
 Letter
wizards create customized letters
 Memo wizards help you to create memoranda
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Word Processing
Formatting
 Font
 The
typeface, size, and color of your letters
 Also lets you specify underlined, italic, or bold
 Spacing
& Columns
 Choose
how far apart the lines will be (single- or double-
spaced)
 Choose single-column or multi-columned text for your
document
 Margins
& Justification
 Indicate
width of left, right, top, and bottom margins
 Justify text left, right, or center
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Word Processing
Headers, footers, page numbers
A
header is text printed at the very top of the page
 A footer is text (like page number) at the page bottom
Other Formatting
 You
can specify a border around a document or around a
paragraph – it can really highlight a point
 You can also use shading, tables, and footnotes
Default Settings
 These
are the settings automatically used by the
program unless you change them
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Word Processing
Saving a document
 Store
a document as an electronic file
 File  Save or click Floppy icon or Ctrl + S
 Save often, and save in two places
Print
 Print
individual pages, the whole document, or several
copies
 File  Print or click printer icon or Ctrl + P
Track Changes
Save as Web Document
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Spreadsheets
Electronic spreadsheets were created in 1978 by
Daniel Bricklin at Harvard Business School and Daniel
Fylstra at M.I.T. and HBS as a study tool
Spreadsheets are organized into columns and rows
 Cells
are where a row and a column meet
 Cell address is the position of the cell
 Range is a group of adjacent cells
 Values are numbers or dates entered into a cell
 Cell pointers or cursors are where the data is to be
entered
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Spreadsheets
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Spreadsheets
Formulas, Functions, Recalculation, What-If
 Formulas
 They
are instructions for calculations
define mathematically how one cell relates to another
cell
 Example: =SUM(A5:A15) sums the values of the cells A5,
A6, A7, and so forth up through cell A15
 Functions
are built-in formulas, such as SUM()
 Recalculation is the process of recomputing values
 What-If analysis allows users to see what happens to
totals when one or more numbers change in cells
 This
is the powerful feature of spreadsheets over manual
calculations
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Spreadsheets
Charting and Analytical Graphics
 Spreadsheets
allow you to automatically create graphs
 When the cells change, the graphs change too
 Charts are a type of graph that include
 Bar
charts
 Column charts
 Line graphs
 Pie charts
 Scatter charts
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Database Software
A database is a structured collection of interrelated
files in a computer system with built-in data input and
retrieval methods.
In databases
 Data
redundancy is minimized
 Data is integrated and stored in a structured fashion
 Data in databases has more integrity than does data
stored in separate files
 Data is organized into tables, records, and fields
 Data may include text, numbers, and graphics
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Database Software
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Database Software
Database features include
 Linking
records using a key
 Tables
that contain the same field are linked together by
fields, so the key can be updated just once
 Key fields can also be used to sort data
 Querying
 Offer
 Saving,
and displaying records
a quick way to locate records quickly
Formatting, Printing, Copying, Transmitting
 Database
software allows you to create custom input forms,
custom reports, copy search results and paste them into
Word, print out addresses to mailing labels, or attach to
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email
Specialty Software
Presentation Graphics
Desktop Publishing
Financial Software
Drawing and Painting Software
Project Management Software
Video-audio Editing Software
Animation Software
Web Page Design Software
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Specialty Software
Presentation Graphics Software
 Use
graphics, animation, sound, data, or information to
make visual presentations
 For example, this presentation
 Contains
 Design
and content templates
 Slide sorters
 Outline view
 Slide view
 Notes Page View
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Specialty Software
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Specialty Software
Financial Software
 Ranges
from personal-finance managers to entry-level
accounting programs to business financial-management
packages
 Common features
 Track
income and expenses
 Allow checkbook management
 Do financial reporting
 Offer tax categories to assist with tax recordkeeping
 May also offer financial-planning and portfolio-management
features
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Specialty Software
Desktop Publishing
 Involves
mixing text and graphics to produce high-quality
output for commercial printing
 Uses a mouse, scanner, printer, and DTP software
 Has the following features
 Mix
of text with graphics
 Offers varied type and layout styles
 Allows import of files from other programs
Drawing programs
 Graphics
software used to design and illustrate objects
and products
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Specialty Software
 Painting programs
 Graphics
programs that allow users to simulate painting on-
screen
 Produce bit-mapped or raster images
 Also called image-editing software
 Graphics file formats
.bmp (bit-map)
 .gif (Graphic Interchange Format) – copyrighted format used in
web pages
 .jpeg (Joint Photographic Experts Group)- high-resolution
 .tiff (Tagged Image File Formats) – PC and Macs for highresolution images to print
 .png (Portable Network Graphics) – public domain alternative to gif

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Specialty Software
Video editing software
 Allows
import to and editing of video footage on PC
 Video editing examples include Adobe Premiere, Sony
Pictures Digital Vegas, Apple Final Cut Express, Pinnacle
Studio DV, and Ulead VideoStudio
Audio editing software
 Allows
import to and editing of sound files on PC
 Sound editing examples include Windows Sound
Recorder, Sony Pictures Digital Sound Forge, Audacity
(freeware), Felt Tip Software’s Sound Studio
(shareware), GoldWave, and WavePad.
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Specialty Software
Animation Software
Simulates movement by rapidly displaying a series
of still pictures, or frames
GIF is the first format to catch on
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Specialty Software
Multimedia Authoring Software
 Combines
text, graphics, video, animation, and sound in
an integrated way to create stand-alone multimedia
applications
 Requires fast computer, lots of memory, and good, fast
graphics card
 Macromedia Director and Macromedia Authorware are
popular examples
Web Page Design Software
 Used
to create web pages with sophisticated multimedia
features
 Not required to create simple web pages
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Specialty Software
 Project Management Software
A
program used to plan and schedule the people, costs,
and resources required to complete a project on time
Shows project broken down into steps and tasks
 Each task has a beginning and end date
 Tasks can be scheduled concurrently or consecutively

 Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
 Programs
intended for design of products, structures,
civil engineering drawings, and maps
Provide precise dimensioning and positioning of design elements
 Examples include AutoCAD, ProEngineer, CorelCAD, CATIA
 To see an example, go to
http://www.3ds.com/flashgallery/discover-3d-xml/ for CATIA

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