Transcript computer system

ME 521
Computer Aided Design
2. BASICS
OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Assoc.Prof.Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
e-mail: [email protected]
Mechanical Engineering Department
Gebze Technical University
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
COMPUTER SYSTEM
What Is A Computer?
An electronic device that receives data, processes data,
stores data, and produces a result (output).
A collection of electronic circuits, which can be on or
off (open or closed).
Any computer- regardless of its type- is controlled by
programmed instructions, which gives the machine a
purpose and tell it what to do.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
2
COMPUTER SYSTEM
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
These two states of the circuit are
represented by two digits, 0 and 1.
o Called the binary system.
o Combining bits (0 and 1), you can
represent any character or number.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
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2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
TYPES OF COMPUTER
1.
2.
3.
4.
PERSONAL COMPUTER
MAINFRAME COMPUTER
MINICOMPUTER
SUPER COMPUTER
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
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PERSONAL COMPUTER
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
The most common types of computer is personal computer
A personal computer that is designed to sit on a desk or table.
These are the systems you see all around you, in school, homes,
and office.
Today’s personal computers are more powerful than those of
just a few year’s ago.
Not only do these machine enable people to do their jobs with
greater ease and efficient, but they can be used to communicate,
produce music, edit photographs and videos, etc. the main
components of the personal computer is the system units.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
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MAINFRAME COMPUTER
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Mainframe computer are used in large organizations such as insurance
companies and banks, where many people frequently need to use the same
data.
In a traditional mainframe environment, each user accesses the
mainframe’s resources through a device called a terminal. There are two
types of terminals.
A dumb terminal does not process or store data; it is simply an
input/output device that functions as a window into a computer located
somewhere else.
An intelligent terminal can perform some processing operations, but it
usually does not have any storage. In some mainframe environments,
however, workers can use a standard personal computer to access the
mainframe.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
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MINICOMPUTER
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
First released in the 1960s, minicomputers got their
name because of their small size compared to other
computer of the day.
The capabilities of a minicomputer are somewhere
between those of mainframe and personal
computers.
For this reason minicomputers are often called
midrange computers.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
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SUPERCOMPUTER
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Supercomputers are the most powerful computers
made, and physically they are some of the largest.
These systems can process huge amounts of data, and
the fastest supercomputers can perform more than
one trillion calculations per second.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
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COMPUTER SYSTEM
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
• A computer system requires many components to do its
job:
• It requires some device or method to input data so it can
be processed.
• It requires circuit boards and programs to process the
data.
• It needs some type of output device to display the result
of its processing.
• It needs some mechanism for storing data.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
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PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
A complete computer system consists of mainly four
parts.
1.
Hardware (The computer)
2.
Software (Programs)
3.
Data (Information)
4.
User (People)
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
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PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Hardware
The mechanical devices that make up the computer are called
Hardware. A computer’s hardware consists of interconnected
electronic devices that you can use to control the computer’s
operation, input, and output.
Software
Software is a set of instructions that makes the computer
perform tasks. In other words we can say that, software tells
the computer what to do. Here the program refers to any piece
of software.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
11
PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Data
Data consist of individual facts or pieces of information that by themselves
may not make much sense to a person. A computer primary job is to
process these tiny pieces of data in various ways, converting them into
useful information.
Users
Peoples are the computer operators, also known as users. One can argue
that some computer systems are complete without a person’s involvement;
however no computer is totally autonomous.
Even if a computer can do its job without a person sitting in front of it,
people still design, build, program, and repair computer system.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
12
COMPUTER HARDWARE
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
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Common System Components
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
This figure shows
several devices that are
common components of
a computer system.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
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2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
COMPUTER SYSTEM
System Motherboard
• The motherboard contains the electronic circuitry of the
computer.
• Components found on the motherboard include
 The primary processing chip (CPU)
 The memory chips
 Expansion slots for system interface cards
 Ports for connecting external devices
 BIOS chips that control system startup
 The circuitry that enables all of these components to
communicate
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
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COMPUTER SYSTEM
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Example of a Motherboard
This figure shows the
devices inside a PC case
including the
motherboard, the power
supply, and some storage
devices.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
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INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Information processing cycle is a set of steps the computer follows to
receive data, process the data according to instructions from a program,
display the resulting information to the user, and store the results.
Memory
Control Unit
INPUT
OUTPUT
Arithmetic Logic Unit
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
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ESSENTIAL COMPUTER HARDWARE
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
A Computer’s hardware devices fall into one of four
categories.
Processor: The procedure that transforms raw data
into useful information is called processing. The
processor is like the brain of computer system. A
personal computer’s processor is usually a Single or a
set of chips contained on a circuitboard.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
18
ESSENTIAL COMPUTER HARDWARE
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Memory devices: Memory devices are of two types:
R A M (Random Access Memory):RAM is like an electronic scratch pad
inside the computer. RAM is made up of a set of chips mounted on a small
circuit board. RAM is a volatile memory. RAM has a tremendous impact on
the speed and power of the computer.
The computer can read from and write to RAM.
When the computer is turned off or if there is loss of power, what ever is
stored in RAM disappears.
“Temporary Memory” – Short Term
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
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ESSENTIAL COMPUTER HARDWARE
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
R O M (Read Only Memory): ROM is a non-volatile memory.
ROM permanently stores its data, even when the computer is shut off. ROM
holds contents that the computer needs to operate.
Memory on the motherboard that is long term; where the specific
instructions that are needed for the computer to operate are stored.
This memory is nonvolatile and your computer can only read from a ROM
chip.
Most common is the BIOS ROM; where the computer uses instructions
contained on this chip to boot or start the system when you turn on your
computer.
“Permanent Memory” – Long Term
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
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CPU (Central Processing Unit)
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Also known as the microprocessor, Processor.
Central Processing Unit (CPU) is considered as the Brain of the computer.
Housed on a tiny silicon chip.
Chip contains millions of switches and pathways that help your computer
make important decisions.
It follows the instructions of the software (program) to manipulate data
into information.
CPU knows which switches to turn on and which to turn off because it
receives its instructions from computer programs (software).
The CPU consists of two parts:
◦Control unit and
◦Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)
Both the ALU and the CU contains registers, which are
◦high-speed memory
◦temporarily hold data and instructions during processing.
CPU Speed is measured by using Hz (Hertz) KHz,MHz,GHz.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
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A CPU CHIP
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
This figure shows a CPU chip for a
small computer.
The CPU determines which of
the millions of switches that it
contains should be turned on
or off by processing program
statements that tell it what to do.
Computer programs are written in
programming languages.
Each program statement causes one or
more actions to occur in the CPU.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
22
C U (control unit):
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
•
All the computer’s resources are managed from the control unit.
•
It act as a traffic signal directing the flow of data through the CPU as well as to
and from other devices. The CPU instructions for carrying out commands are
built into the control unit.
•
The control unit is the logical hub of the computer.
•
We communicate with the computer through programming languages.
•
Examples: COBOL, C++, HTML, Java Script or VisualBasic.net
•
This section is the boss of the CPU and coordinates all activity within the CPU.
•
It uses programming instructions to control what actions the CPU performs and
when it performs them.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
23
A L U (Arithmetic logic unit):
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
• The work of the ALU is to perform arithmetic and logical operations.
• Arithmetic operation include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
• division.
• Logical operation include comparison, such as determining whether one
number is equal to, greater than, or less than another number.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
24
ESSENTIAL COMPUTER HARDWARE
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
25
The Instruction and Execution Cycles
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
This figure illustrates the basic machine cycle involved
in processing a program statement.
The instruction cycle is
the amount of time
required to read and
decode the instruction.
The execution cycle is
the amount of time
required to execute the
instruction and store
the results.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
26
The Machine Cycle
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
The instruction cycle and one
or more execution cycles create
a machine cycle.
Machine cycles are
measured in microseconds.
The faster your computer
can process machine cycles,
the faster it can process data.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
27
Computer System Controllers
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
• A PC motherboard contains several controllers.
• Controllers are devices that control the transfer of data between the computer
and peripheral devices.
• Common peripheral devices include a mouse, monitor, printer, keyboard, and so
on.
• Controllers usually are found on a single chip that can handle all common devices.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
28
Ports
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
• Serial and parallel ports are used to connect peripheral devices to the computer
circuitry.
• Serial devices (mice/monitors) transmit data one bit at a time.
• Parallel devices (printers) transmit data several bits at time.
• USB is a newer, high-speed method of connecting devices and is beginning to
replace serial and parallel ports.
• USB can connect up to 127 external devices.
• Firewire is another high-speed method.
• Firewire can connect up to 63 external devices.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
29
Expansion Slots
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
• Expansion slots are electrical connections in the motherboard that can accept
circuit cards to perform specific functions.
• These commonly are used to plug in sound cards, video cards, scanners, and other
devices.
Electrical prongs along the
bottom are used to plug into
the expansion slot and make
an electrical connection to the
main board.
This port protrudes from the
back of the PC case and is used
to attach the device that this
card controls.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
30
OPERATING SYSTEM
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
USING OPERATING SYSTEM:
The OS is an example of system software- software that controls
the system’s hardware and that interacts with the user and
application software. In short OS is the computer’s master control
program. The OS provides you with the tool that enables you to
Interact with the PC.
Types of operating system:
Operating system can be organized into four types.
1.Real-time operating system
2.Single-user/single-tasking operating system
3.Single-user/multitasking operating system
4.Multi-user/multitasking operating system
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
31
OPERATING SYSTEM
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
1.Real-time operating system:
A real time operating system is a very fast, relatively small OS.
They are build into the circuitry of a device and are not loaded from
a disk drive. A real time OS is needed to run real time application
Real time application are needed to run medical diagnostics
equipment, life support system, machinery, scientific instruments,
and industrial systems.
2. Single-user/single-tasking operating system:
An operating system that allows a single user to perform just one
task at a time is a single-user/single-tasking operating system. OS
can only manage a single task at a time. MS-DOS is one example of a single
tasking OS.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
32
OPERATING SYSTEM
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
3. Single-user/multitasking operating system:
A Single-user/multitasking operating system is one that allows a
Single user to perform two or more functions at once. The multitasking features of these OSs have greatly increased the
productivity of people in the large variety of jobs because they
can accomplish in less time.
The disadvantages of Single-user/multitasking operating system is
the increased size, complexity to support multitasking.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
33
OPERATING SYSTEM
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
4. Multi-user/multitasking operating system:
A Multi-user/multitasking operating system is an operating system
that allows multiple users to use programs that are simultaneously
running on a single network server.
In a Multi-user/multitasking operating system environment, all or most of
the computing occurs at the server.
The advantage of these operating system is that they can be managed by
simply making changes to one server rather than to many desktop
computer.
A disadvantages is that if the network connection to the server is
Broken, the user can not do any work in the application of server.
Ex- UNIX, VMS, and mainframe operating system such as MVS.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
34
Network
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
When computers are connected to other computers
They can share information and sometimes hardware
(printers)
Two Types: Local-Area and Wide-Area
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
35
Network
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Local Area Networks (LAN):
Computers connected together in a relatively close
location such as in the same building or department.
The data and software for these computers are stored
on a central computer called the file server.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
36
Network
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Wide Area Networks (WAN):
When local area networks are expanded to include
several local area networks within a city, state, region,
territory, country, continent, or the world.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp
521
ME
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
37