Transcript Basics Of Computers

MST FARHANA AKTER
e_mail : [email protected]
0468-63150 (Office)
01716-052600 (Mobile)
History of Computers
 Computer Network
 What is the Internet
 Inside CPU
 Operating System
Outline...
What is Computer
 History of Computers
 Computer Network
 What is the Internet
 Inside CPU
 Operating System
 Queries

What is Computer
- Computer is a set of electro mechanical device,
which can sense electronic signal and logic. It can
process the electronic signal according to the logic
- A computer is a machine that can be programmed
to accept raw data, which is input, process it into
meaningful information, which will be output and
store it in a secondary storage device for
safekeeping or reuse.
Brief History (cont’d)
1885: Census Machine by Herman Hollerith (US
census for 1890 done in time)
1896: Tabulating Machine Co. & others build IBM
1944: Mark-I by Howard Aiken of Harvard University
1946: ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator &
Calculator) was the first electronic computer for
general purpose.
Generations of computer development
First generation(1946-1954)
(IBM-650, MARK-II, ENIAC etc.)
- vacuum tubes for power
- magnetic drums for internal storage
- limited main storage capacity
- heat and maintenance problems
- punched cards for input
- assembly language
Generations of computer development
Second generation(1959-1964)
(IBM-1400, NCR 300,RCA 501)
- transistors for power
- magnetic core for internal storage
- magnetic tapes and disks for ext. storage
- reduction in size
- increased speed, reliability
- high-level programming language
(FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC etc.)
Generations of computer development
Third generation(1965-1970)
(IBM 360, IBM 370, PDP-8, PDP-II etc.)
- integrated circuit on silicon chips
- compatible systems
- introduction of mini-computers
- emergence of software industry
- reduction in size and cost
- increase in speed and reliability
Generations of computer development
Fourth generation(1971- )
(IBM 3033, IBM 4300, IBM S/36, APPLE-II ETC.)
- LSI/VLSI
- development of micro-processor
- introduction of micro-computers
- greater versatility in software
- increase in speed and power
- reduction in cost
Classifications of Computer
Classifications on capacity :
- Super computer
- Mainframe computer
- Minicomputer
- Microcomputer
Classifications on nature of data processing :
- Analogue computer
- Digital computer
- Hybrid computer
Different types of Microcomputer :
- Tower type
- Desktop
- Laptop or Notebook
- Palmtop
Use of Computer in Bangladesh
1964 : Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (IBM 1620)
1967 : Agrani Bank (IBM 1401), Janata Bank (IBM 1901)
1973 : Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) (IBM 4341 & S34)
1979 : Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (IBM 370)
1980 : Bangladesh Biman (IBM S34)
1984 : Public Administration Computer Center(PACC) (Honeywell DPS 6/85)
1985 : Jiban Bima Corporatin (IBM S36) (AS400 in 1995)
1999-2000 : 1st Super Computer in Bangladesh. Procured by BCC
IBM Deep Blue (RS-6000/SP2)
Computer Architecture
Microprocessor: Every computer have five functional units,
Microprocessor have both the functions of Arithmetic & Logic Unit
and Control Unit.
- Heart of the computer
- Electronic circuit (which can store data and instruction to
the memory and operate arithmetic & logic
operation on data according to the instruction)
- Circuits are composition of many transistors
- All circuits are integrated on a silicon chips
Computer Architecture
Memory : Firstly all data & instructions are stored into the memory.
Memories are two types:
- Primary Memory (RAM, ROM)
- Secondary Memory
Secondary Memory:
- Hard Disk, Pen Drive
- Floppy Disk (5.25’’[360 KB, 1.2 MB] , 3.5’’[720 KB, 1.44 MB])
- CD-ROM (1970, 5.25’’, 650 MB)
- DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) 14 times capacity than CD-Rom
- Magnetic Tape ( 1/4 ’’ - 1” , 20-40 GB)
Computer Architecture
The Output Unit :
- Monitor
- Printer
- Impact Printer
- Drum Printer (PPM)
- Line Printer (LPM) printer belt
- DM Printer (CPM) 9, 18, 24, 48 pin
- Plotter (Map, Graphs & Architectural design)
- Non-Impact Printer
- LaserJet Printer (PPM)
- Ink Jet Printer (PPM)
- Bubble jet Printer
- Speaker (Voice/Sound Output)
Computer System

Hardware, also known as Computer
 Normal
hardware
 Memory Hardware

Software, also known as programs
 System
Software
 Application/Package Software
Software

Software is set of programs (which are
step by step instructions) telling the
computer how to process data.

Software needs to be installed on a
computer, usually from a CD.

Softwares can be divided into two groups:
- System SW
- Application/Package SW
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Introduction to Computers
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Software (Contd.)
System Software
 It controls the overall operation of the
system.
 It is stored in the computer's memory and
instructs the computer to load, store, and
execute an application.
 Examples: Operating System (OS),
Translators
DOS, Windows, Unix etc.
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Software (Contd..)
Application Software
 They are Software's written to perform
specific tasks.
 The basic types of application software are:
word processing, database, spreadsheet,
desktop publishing, and communication.
Examples: MS-Office, Tally, MS-Outlook etc.
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Computer Network
A Computer Network is interconnection of
Computers to share resources.
 Resources can be : Information, Devices etc.

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Types Of Computer Networks
On the basis of Size:
 Local Area Network (LAN)
Its a network of the computers locally i.e. in
one room, one building.
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
Its a network of the computers spread widely
geographically.
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Its a network of the computers within
metropolitan area.
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Benefits of Computer Networks
Information Sharing
 Device Sharing
 Load Sharing
 Mobility
 Fast Communication
 Anywhere Anytime Banking

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Internet
Internet is a huge network of computer
networks.
 Internet provides many services:

 Email
 World
Wide Web (www)
 Remote Login (Telnet)
 File Transfer (FTP)
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Scanner

A scanner is a device used to copy an
image off paper and convert it into a digital
image, which can be saved as a computer
file and stored on a hard drive.

Scanners can also use a special kind of
technology called Optical Character
Recognition (OCR) to read text from paper
and save it as an editable document file
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What is Operating System
An
operating system, or OS, is a software
program that enables the computer hardware
to communicate and operate with the
computer software.
 It is an interface of user, to communicate
with the computer. It is responsible for the
management and coordination of activities
and the sharing of the limited resources of
the computer.
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What is Operating System
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Operating Systems Past And
Present




Operating system (OS) software
 Controls a computer
OS services
 Manages hardware
 Runs applications
 Provides an interface for users
 Retrieves and manipulates files
OS acts as a “middleman”
Computer needs only one operating system
26
Figure 2-1 Users and applications depend on the OS to relate to all
applications and hardware components
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
27
DOS (Disk Operating System)
First OS used by IBM
computers/compatibles
 Command line driven set of programs
 Outdated as desktop computer operating
system

 Still
available on troubleshooting disks or CDs
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DOS with Windows 3.X




Refers to Windows 3.1 and windows 3.11
Uses DOS as the operating system
Provides user friendly intermediate program
between:
 DOS, applications, and the user
Long lasting features provided:
 Graphical user interface (GUI)
 Windows desktop
 Windows concept
 Ability to keep more than one application
open at the same time
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Figure 2-3 Windows 3.x was layered between DOS and the user
and applications to provide a graphics interface for the user and
a multitasking environment for applications
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
30
Windows 9x/ME
Refers to Windows 95, Windows 98,
Windows Me
 True operating system

 Combines
DOS core with GUI
31
Windows NT

Two versions of Windows NT (New
Technology):
 Windows
NT Workstation for desktops
 Windows NT Server to control a network

Microsoft completely rewrote OS core
 Totally
eliminates DOS core
 Introduced many new problems

First Windows OS using 32 bits at a time
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New features of Windows 95
-Plug and Play
-32 Bit
-Registry
-Memory
-Right mouse click
-CD Player
Windows 95 screenshot.
New features of Windows 98
-FAT32 file system
-The USB support
-Internet Explorer
-Internet Connection Sharing
Windows 98 screenshot.
Windows 2000





Upgrades Windows NT (desktop and server)
Came in several versions
 Popular desktop OS
Improvements
 Stable environment, Plug and Play support
 Device Manager, Recovery Console, Active
Directory
 Better network support
 Features specifically targeting notebook
computers
Targeted towards corporate environment
Not backward compatible
35
New features of Windows XP
Short
for Windows Experienced
New features.
New
interface
Updates from the Internet.
Includes Internet explorer 6.
Multilingual support
Windows XP versions:


Home Edition - Full / Upgrade
Professional - Full / Upgrade
Windows XP screenshot.
Windows XP



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Integrates Windows 9x/Me and Windows 2000
Two main versions: Home Edition and Professional
Noteworthy new features:
 Allows multiple users to log on simultaneously
 Each with their own applications open
 Incorporates Windows Messenger and Media
Player
 Adds advanced security, such as Windows
Firewall
Stable
 Service pack: major update or fix to an OS
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 Patch: minor fix
New features of Windows Vista
New
GUI;
Updates
from the Internet;
Basic
file backup and restore;
Improved DVD support;
File encryption;
Support for DirectX 10;
Windows Vista screenshot.
Windows Vista




Upgrade from Windows XP
 Comes in five versions
Aero user interface
 New 3D user interface (not available on all
versions)
Windows XP Start button
 Replaced by Vista sphere with a Windows
flag
Complaints
 Lack of backward compatibility
 Computer resources required
 Slow performance
39
New features of Windows 7
Faster
booting
Windows PowerShell
Improved window management
Better power management
File
name in Bangla
Menu management
Searching of menus etc.
Password for Folders
Windows 7 screenshot.
Windows 7
Next generation of Microsoft OS
 Should correct Vista complaints
 Expected to run on netbooks

 Low-end

inexpensive laptop
Small 9- or 10-inch screen, no optical drive
 Generally
used for Web browsing, e-mail,
word processing
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Windows 7 six editions
Starter (available worldwide with new PCs only)
 Home Basic (only for developing countries)
 Home Premium
 Professional
 Enterprise (available to volume-license
business customers only)
 Ultimate (available to retail market with limited
availability to OEMs)
