Transcript Chapter 2 - personal.kent.edu

A+ Guide to Managing and
Maintaining Your PC, 7e
Chapter 2
Introducing Operating Systems
Chapter Concepts
• Various operating systems
– Historical
– Current
• Components of Windows operating systems
• How operating systems interface with
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Users
Files and folders
Applications
Hardware
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Operating Systems Past And Present
• Operating system (OS): software that controls a
computer
• OS services
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Manages hardware
Runs applications
Provides an interface for users
Retrieves and manipulates files
• OS acts as a “middleman”
• Computer needs only one operating system
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Windows Operating Systems
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Figure 2-1 Users and applications depend on the OS to relate
to all applications and hardware components
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DOS (Disk Operating System)
• First OS used by IBM computers/compatibles, about
1984
• Command line driven set of programs
• 16-bit processing
• Outdated as desktop computer operating system
– Still available on troubleshooting disks or CDs
– Commands invaluable when GUI not working
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DOS Shell – semi-graphical interface; 1988
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Windows 3.X
• Refers to Windows 3.1 and Windows 3.11
• DOS is the actual operating system
• Provides user-friendly intermediate program
between:
– DOS, applications, and the user
• Features:
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Graphical user interface (GUI)
Windows desktop
Windows concept
Ability to keep more than one application open at the
same time
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Figure 2-3 Windows 3.x was layered between DOS and the user and
applications to provide a graphics interface for the user and a multitasking
environment for applications
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Windows 9x/ME
• Refers to Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me
• True operating system, but used some elements of
DOS core
• Used combination of 16-bit and 32-bit processing
• No longer supported by Microsoft, but still on some
computers
• Information about Windows 9x/Me on CD with text
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Windows NT
• Two versions of Windows NT (New Technology):
– Windows NT Workstation for desktops – high-end
users
– Windows NT Server to control a network
• Microsoft completely rewrote OS core
– Totally eliminates DOS core
– Introduced many new problems
• First Windows OS to do all processing 32 bits at a
time
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Windows 2000
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Upgrades Windows NT (desktop and server)
Came in several versions
Popular desktop OS
Improvements
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Stable environment, Plug and Play support
Device Manager, Recovery Console, Active Directory
Better network support
Features specifically targeting notebook computers
• Targeted towards corporate environment
• Not backward compatible
• No longer supported by Microsoft; still in existance
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Windows XP
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Released in 2001; XP is for “eXPerience”
Integrates Windows 9x/Me and Windows 2000
Two main versions: Home Edition and Professional
Noteworthy new features:
– Allows multiple users to log on simultaneously, each with their
own applications open
– Incorporates Windows Messenger and Media Player
– Adds advanced security, such as Windows Firewall
• Stable – three service packs
– Service pack: major update or fix to an OS
– Patch: minor fix
• As of Dec 2009 had 61.6% market share; peaked at 76.1% in
January 2007
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Windows Vista
• Upgrade from Windows XP, comes in five versions
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Home Basic
Home Premium
Business
Enterprise
Ultimate
• Aero user interface
– New 3D user interface (not available on all versions)
• Windows XP Start button replaced by Vista sphere with
a Windows flag
• Complaints
– Lack of backward compatibility
– Large amount of computer resources required
– Slow performance
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Windows 7
• Next generation of Microsoft OS
• Should correct Vista complaints
• Expected to run on netbooks as well as PCs
– Low-end inexpensive laptop with small 9- or 10-inch
screen, no optical drive
– Generally used for Web browsing, e-mail, word
processing
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MAC OS
• Introduced in 1984 with Macintosh computers
– Current version: Mac OS X (ten)
• Several releases; current release is Leopard
– Can work on Intel-based computers
• Boot Camp dual boot software by Apple available
• VMWare Fusion creates a virtual machine
• Features:
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Support for graphics and multimedia capabilities
Use of the Finder program to provide the desktop
Superior Plug and Play capabilities
Excellent support for multitasking
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Linux
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Variation on UNIX
OS kernel and source code freely distributed
Many popular distributions
Well suited for server applications
– Sometimes used as a desktop OS
• Not easy to install, use
• Fewer applications than Windows, MAC OS
• Used on netbooks (Small footprint)
• Embedded operating system on mobile devices
• Excellent training tool for learning Unix
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Linux (cont’d.)
• Shell
– Relates to the user and to applications
• First Linux, Unix shells
– Commands entered at a command prompt
• Two popular command-line shells for Unix, Linux
– Older Bourne shell, newer Bourne-Again shell
(BASH)
• Many users prefer Windows-style GUI desktop
– Built using X Windows
– Most popular GUI shells
• GNOME, KDE, Xfce
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How Windows 2000/XP/Vista Works
• Windows 2000, XP, Vista
– Three evolutions
• Same basic operating system
– Many things in common
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Way they are built
Main components
User interface
Other interfaces
Four main functions
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What an Operating System Does
• Four functions common to all operating systems
– Providing a user interface
• Pass commands into the system
• Get results out of the system
– Managing files
• Creating, storing, retrieving, deleting, moving
– Managing applications
• Installing, un-installing, running, managing
application/hardware interface
– Managing hardware
• Permanent programs (BIOS); memory and other
devices
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Components of Windows
• Shell: relates to the user and to applications
• Kernel: responsible for interacting with hardware
• Configuration data
– Information OS keeps about hardware, applications,
data, users
• Shell made up of subsystems
– Operate in user mode
• Subsystems have limited access to system information
and can access hardware only through other OS
services
– Win32 security subsystem
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Figure 2-10 Inside an operating system, different components
perform various functions
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Components of Windows (cont’d.)
• Windows kernel
– More power to communicate with hardware devices
than the shell has
– Operates in kernel mode
– Applications cannot get to hardware devices without
the shell passing those requests to the kernel
– Two main components
• The HAL (hardware abstraction layer)
• Executive services interface
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Components of Windows (cont’d.)
• Configuration data
– Used when OS first loaded and when needed by
hardware, applications, users
– Stored in:
• Registry
• Initialization files (.ini, .inf)
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How Windows Manages Applications
• Launching an application
– Move instructions from hard drive into memory
• Process: a running program, together with the
system resources assigned to it
– Also called Instance
• Request for resources (memory for data; other
programs) made through Win32 subsystem
– Request is called a thread
– Thread: Single task
• Multithreading: multiple threads
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Thread
Thread
Figure 2-11 A process with two threads
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How Windows Manages Hardware
• Device drivers
– Small programs stored on the hard drive
– Allow kernel to communicate with hardware
– Provided by OS, vendors
• At system startup:
– BIOS provides instructions to the CPU for basic
device communication; during OS load, drivers are
loaded
• Drivers written to work for a specific OS
• Four types of software
– Operating system, applications, device drivers, BIOS
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Figure 2-12 An OS relates to hardware by way of device drivers and
possibly system BIOS
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How Many Bits At A Time?
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
– Also called a processor
– Partly determines which operating system can be
installed
• Major consideration: processor and OS bitprocessing must match
– Number of bits CPU processes at a time
– Intel or AMD desktop and laptop processors sold
today process 64 bits at a time
– Older processors handled only 32 bits (and REALLY
old ones handled 24, 16, 12, 8, or 4 bits)
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What Does “x-bit” Processing Mean?
• Confusingly, it can mean many things
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The size of registers
The size of the data bus
The size of instructions that can be processed
Several other things
• More bits is not absolutely better
– Although speed is increased, more bits are more complex and
require more resources
• Sometimes, the sizes of these things are mixed within a
processor
• Regardless, a particular processor is called by a specific
x-bit term
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Bit-processing: Processors
• 32-bit processors often called x86 processors
• Intel used the number 86 in the model number of these
earlier processors
• Processors using underlying 32-bit processing with
64-bit instructions
– Hybrid processors known as x86-64 bit processors
– Handle a 32-bit OS or a 64-bit OS
• 64-bit processors
– Fully implement 64-bit processing
• Intel Itanium and Xeon processors
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Bit-processing: Operating Systems
• Windows 2000: 32-bit OS
• Windows XP
– Professional x64 Edition: 64-bit OS
– All other Windows XP editions: 32-bit OSs
• Vista Home Basic, Home Premium, Business,
Enterprise, Ultimate editions
– 32-bit or 64-bit versions
• Modern desktop, laptop processors today
– Can handle either a 32-bit or 64-bit OS
• Sometimes referred to as an x86 or x64 OS
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How Many Bits At A Time? (cont’d.)
• 64-bit versus 32-bit processing
– 64-bit processing is faster than 32-bit, but requires
more resources
– 64-bit OS requires that device drivers operating in
kernel mode be 64-bit drivers
– Applications can be compiled for 64-bit or 32-bit
– 32-bit OS can only address up to 4 GB of memory
– Benefit from 64-bit computing if:
• Often need many applications open at the same time
• High computing needs
• Enough hard drive space and memory
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How Many Bits At A Time? (cont’d.)
• Manufacturers often install a 32-bit OS on a computer
that could support a 64-bit OS
• Terminology tips
– x86 refers to
• 32-bit processors
• 32-bit operating systems
– x86-64 refers to
• 32-bit processors that process 64-bit instructions
• 64-bit operating systems
– IA64 refers to
• 64-bit Intel processors
– x64 refers to
• 64-bit operating systems
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Using Windows 2000/XP/Vista
• PC support technician
– Needs to be a Windows power user
• Technician knowledge required
– How Windows desktop organized and how it works
– Basic Windows utilities (covered in this chapter;
others later)
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My Computer and Windows Explorer
Control Panel
System Information
Command Prompt window
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The Windows XP/Vista Desktop
• Desktop is primary tool provided by Windows shell
• Start menu
– Username shown at top
– Applications at the top left
• “pinned” to the menu
– Applications used often
• Listed below the pinned applications (can change)
– User-oriented applications
• In the column on the left side
– User files and OS utilities
• In the column on the right side
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The Windows XP desktop and Start menu
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Figure 2-15 The Vista desktop and Start menu
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The Windows Desktop (cont’d.)
• Sidebar and gadgets new in Vista
– Sidebar Properties box used to customize:
• Start the sidebar each time Windows starts
• Decide where sidebar appears
• Remove gadgets in sidebar
• Four ways to launch an application (there are others)
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Use the Start menu
Use the Search box
Use Windows Explorer or the Computer window
Use a shortcut icon
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Windows Sidebar can be customized with installed and downloaded gadgets
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The Windows Desktop (cont’d.)
• Taskbar: bottom of Windows desktop (can be moved)
– Information about open programs, quick access to others
• Quick launch icons
• Notification Area (system tray or systray)
• Icons for running applications
– In XP, hovering over application icon displays tooltip with name
– In Vista, hovering over application icon displays thumbnail
• Service: program that runs in the background
– Supports or serves Windows or an application
• To customize taskbar: right-click taskbar, use shortcut
menu
– Controls Start menu, taskbar, notification area
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The Windows Vista taskbar with a thumbnail of one open application
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Figure 2-22 Press Win+Tab to cycle through open applications in a flip 3D view when using
the Vista Aero interface; press Alt+Tab to cycle in XP
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The Windows Desktop (cont’d.)
• Personalize the Windows desktop
– Right-click anywhere on the desktop
• Vista: choose Personalize from the shortcut menu
• XP: choose Properties from the shortcut menu
• Vista: default programs and file associations
– Located in right column of the Start menu
– Can change default programs associated with certain
file extensions and activities
– File extension: one or more characters following the
last period in a filename
• XP file associations covered later
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The Default Programs window is
used to change file associations
Example: Select the default
program to play an .avi video
file
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Comparison of XP/2000 Desktop and
Vista Desktop
• Both: All Programs
– List of currently installed software appears
• Both: Start, All Programs, Accessories, System
Tools
– Back up data, clean up a hard drive, schedule tasks,
restore Windows settings, various other things
– New Vista tool: Internet Explorer (No Add-ons)
• Controlling Windows appearance
– Vista uses Personalization window
– Windows XP/2000 uses the Display Properties
window
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Vista User Account Control (UAC) Box
• Appears when action requires administrative privileges,
even if user logged on as administrator
– Two Vista account types: Administrator and Standard
• Purposes of UAC
– Prevent task started by malicious code
– Allow administrator to use less powerful account in general, but
still perform admin actions
• UAC can be disabled – not recommended
• Uses color codes
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Red (danger)
Yellow (unknown)
Green (trusted Windows component)
Grey (trusted other component)
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Figure 2-30 The User Account Control box appears each time a user
attempts to perform an action requiring administrative privileges: (a) the
current account has administrative privileges; (b) the current account
does not have administrative privileges
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Computer Window (Windows Explorer)
• Vista uses term Computer; XP uses My Computer
• In past, Windows Explorer and My Computer were
somewhat different; now they are the same
– Most useful tools to explore files and folders
• To access Computer or My Computer window
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Win+E
Windows Vista: click Start and click Computer
Windows XP: click Start and click My Computer
Windows 2000: double-click My Computer on the
desktop
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Computer Window (cont’d.)
• Files and directories
– The terms Directories and Folders are the same
– Sub-directory (sub-folder) is a directory within a directory
• Drives organized with single root directory
– At top of the top-down hierarchical structure of subdirectories
– Exception: hard drive
• Might be divided into partitions, each called a Volume
– Term Volume often used for all drives
• Each volume has its own root directory and hierarchical
structure of subdirectories
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Computer Window (cont’d.)
• Drives and volumes identified with a letter
– A and B are floppy drives, for historical reasons
– C is hard drive; if multiple volumes, D, E, F, … assigned
– D is often optical drive (CD/DVD); if D has been used, next free
letter is assigned
– Additional letters assigned to removable media (USB, etc) and/or
network drives
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Figure 2-33 Storage devices such as a USB drive, CD, or hard drive, are
organized into directories and subdirectories that contain files
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Computer Window (cont’d.)
• Path: location of a file referenced by a drive and directories
• The complete path to a file includes the volume letter, all
directories in order, filename, and file extension. The colon,
backslashes, and period are required to separate items in the
path
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Computer Window (cont’d.)
• Tips to navigate the directory structure
– Click the Folders icon to toggle the left pane that shows folders
– To “open” a folder and drill down to subfolders inside folders
• In left pane, double-click the folder, or
• If right pane is showing, click + signs in XP or arrowheads in
Vista beside the folder name
– Right-click the heading bar to specify what information appears
– Find a folder or file using Search
– Use forward and back arrows to move through previous views
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Computer Window (cont’d.)
• Default locations for user files and folders
– Vista: a folder with the account name placed in the
%SystemDrive%\Users folder
• For example C:\Users\CFox
– XP: a folder with the account name placed in the
%SystemDrive%\Documents and Settings folder
• For example C:\Documents and Settings\Cfox
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Computer Window: Folder Options
• Controls how users view files in a folder, what users
can do with the files
• From the Menu click Tools, Folder Options
– General tab has some general preferences
– View tab has many additional preferences
• To make extensions visible, unclick Hide Extensions
for Known File Types
• To display hidden files, click Show Hidden Files and
Folders
• To display the operating system files, unclick Hide
Protected Operating System Files
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Computer Window: File Associations
• Windows can associate a file extension with an
application program; when a file with that extension
is double-clicked, the application will be loaded and
the file opened within it
– Many programs set up this association when they are
loaded, such as .docx for Word
– You can set (or change) these associations
• Vista: previously discussed as Default Programs
• XP: from My Computer menu, click Tools, Folder
Options. Click File Types tab. Click an extension
from the list, or click New to add one. Click Change to
see a list of installed applications. Select the desired
application.
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Computer Window: Creating a Folder
• Select parent folder
– Right-click in the white area of the right pane
– Select New from the shortcut menu
– Select one of the choices for folder types
• XP choices: Folder and Shortcut
• Vista choices: Folder, Shortcut, Compressed (Zipped)
– Folder is created and highlighted so that it may be
renamed
• To rename an existing file or folder, select it, then press F2
(or right-click and choose Rename)
• Can create folders within folders within folders
• The desktop is itself a folder, and can have sub-folders
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Computer Window: File/Folder
Manipulation
• Move, Copy or Delete files or folders
– Move
• Drag and drop item to its new location (if moved to a different drive,
original stays in place; otherwise not)
– Copy
• Right-click file, select Copy from the shortcut menu
• Click in folder white area where the copied item goes
• Select Paste from the shortcut menu
– Alternative way to copy
• Hold down Ctrl key, drag and drop item to new location
– Delete
• Using Explorer, right-click the file or folder, select Delete from the
shortcut menu
– Recycle bin does not really delete files
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Computer Window: Changing File
Attributes
• Right-click the file/folder name; select Properties
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The Control Panel
• Contains applets (small programs) used to manage
the system
• Accessing Control Panel in Vista and XP
– Click Start and the click Control Panel
• Two views: Category View and Classic View
– Applets can be accessed directly
• Launched using the Vista Start dialog box (Run dialog
box in Windows 200/XP)
• Example: enter Main.cpl to open Mouse Properties
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System Information Utility
• Used to view detailed information about the system
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Processor or BIOS version installed
Installed RAM
OS installation directory
Hard drive size
Names of currently running drivers
• To open utility
– Vista: Click Start, type Msinfo32.exe in the Start box
and press Enter
– XP: Click Start, Click Run…, type Msinfo32.exe in
the Run box and press Enter
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Command Prompt Window
• Sometimes called DOS Prompt
• Used to enter commands to perform a variety of
tasks
• Ways to open
– Vista Start box or Windows 2000/XP Run box
• Enter cmd.exe and press Enter
– Click Start, All Programs, Accessories, and Command
Prompt
• To clear text: type cls
• To close the window
– Type exit and press Enter or click the X close window
icon in the upper-right corner of the window
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Command Prompt Window (cont’d.)
• Two levels: standard window and elevated window
(for administrators)
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